Oliver Twist Analysis

Oliver Twist Analysis Explain and discuss the main problem or obstacle that is introduced. Discuss how the protagonist or any other significant characters deal with this problem. Describe how this problem escalates, who is involved in this conflict, climax, and how this problem is dealt with. (Length: ÂÂ ¾ of a page) Character (Protagonist, Antagonist and/or other significant characters) Describe the exterior physical traits and personality of the protagonist. To do this effectively, you must consider the characters home environment, social group and personal attachments/relationships. Analyze the characters thoughts and perceptions, behavior, actions and reactions in the book. Do the same to the antagonist and/or any other significant characters. (Length: ÂÂ ¾ of a page) Oliver Twist: Oliver is a young orphan who is usually described as wearing tattered clothes. Although he is the protagonist, he has very little influence over the course of his life. Through Dickens writing, Oliver is revealed to be a saint-like figure. He is contradictory to others in his social class by almost every means possible. He speaks proper English whereas his companions speak rough slangy English. He is a very kind and loyal person who wants to always help the ones who provide for him and take good care of him like, Mrs. Maylie and Mr. Brownlow. He wants to live honestly even if that means to die trying. Even when he is tortured, he maintains his purity and does not become angry. Oliver is not a character torn between good and evil; he is simply a good person in all situations. Fagin: The ruthless and antagonist who hire young orphans to steal and pickpocket for him. In return, he feeds them and provides shelter. Dickens portrayal of Fagin seems to be influenced by anti-Semitism. Constant references to him as the Jew throughout the book imply that his negative characteristics are linked to his ethnic identity. He is described as a loathsome reptile (p. 145) and that he has teeth like the fangs of a dog. Fagin believes that betrayal is part of their lifestyle and enjoys watching people get executed. He is the ultimate opposite figure of Oliver in the story. Nancy: Although she is neither the protagonist nor the antagonist she is the most complex character used by Dickens to portray the problems present in Victorian London. Dickens portrays Nancy as a good person who has gone so deep into the evil side that coming back is impossible. As an orphan Nancy has been a thief and drinks a lot. Presently, she is a prostitute who works for Sikes and remains very loyal to him no matter how much he abuses her. In between characters that are only able to comprehend the good or evil, Nancy is capable of both. Perhaps, the noblest action in the book was when Nancy sacrifices her own life to save Olivers. She understands the terribleness of the path she has chosen and does not want a poor creature like Oliver to take the same path. Her ultimate decision to do good shows that no matter how terrible the environment might be, a strong soul cannot be poisoned. Her love for Sikes is strong even though she realizes that it will lead to her destruction. When Mr. Brownlow offers help, Nancy kindly rejects and says that she has gone too far and her death is inevitable. She maintains her loyalty to Sikes until the moment he kills her. Setting (Initial setting and/ or any other significant setting) The setting of a story or novel helps the reader to visualize the environment and its importance. Describe the initial setting and how it adds to the overall storyline. Describe any other setting you believe serves a purpose to the reader. How important is a setting with regards to the plot? (Length: ÂÂ ¾ of a page) Workhouse: Orphans and peasants are brought here to work. They are deprived of their civil rights and given very little food. The children are separated from their parents; couples are separated in hop of reducing breeding of the lower class. Ironically, the authorities who preach the necessity of a meager diet in the workhouses are very fat gentlemen who have far more luxurious lives. The woman in charge of taking care of the orphans takes most of the money allocated to their welfare for her own needs. This results in many children dying under her administration but she files the cases as accidents. This initial setting shows the environment that Oliver was brought up in. London: Although the story takes place during the Industrial Revolution in London (around the 1830s), Dickens depicts the extreme poverty present in London during the period and ineffectiveness of the Poor Laws. The Poor Laws were one of the main reasons Charles Dickens chose to write this story. There are many orphans who live on the streets and turn to pick pocketing for enough food to ensure another day of survival and pain. Many of the peasants on the street have no other option other than thievery or prostitution. This setting gives the reader some explanation on the actions of many characters like Fagin, the Artful Dodger, Sikes and Oliver. Fagin merely takes advantage of the situation and promises adequate nourishment, clothing, and proper shelter in return for the services of the young orphans in thievery. In the end he gets punished but the ultimate cause of poverty, which Dickens believes to be the society remains unchanged. This setting explains the hypocrisy of the societ y, with the help of Dickenss satirical writing, and challenges the conventional views of rich people regarding poverty being related to the hereditary of the peasants.

Putting service users at the heart of provision Essay

Anti-discriminatory practice is promoted in health and social care settings through putting service users at the heart of provision, ‘this means to focus on what the person needs and provide is, giving them control and power over their lives, rather than just telling them what services are available.’ (Health and Social Care, Hodder, Rasheed et al, page 27, 2010) The individual is put at the heart of service provision, the health and social care sector needs to, empower individuals, provide active support consistent with the beliefs, culture and preferences of the individual, promote individuals’ rights, choices and well-being and support individuals to express their needs and preferences. All care is centred around the individual’s needs. This means that in a health care setting a care plan will be done with the resident so that the resident feels they have control over their care and the staff would be able to care for that service user according the their preferences, sometimes it not possible for the service user themselves to tell the staff their preferences, this could be because of a disability, such as learning difficulties or someone who has a hearing impairment, then the service user could have a family member or an advocate can speak on behalf of them because if the care worker doesn’t do the care plan with them then this will not empower the service user and their care will not be to their preferences which could be very distressing for the resident. Empowering individuals Empowerment is one of the fundamental principles of care work, empowerment is about enabling people to take control of their lives through choices and be as independent as possible. It is important in a health and social care setting that they make service users feel like they are still in control, giving them choices about their care, even just little things like where does the individual want to sit, will make them feel more empowered and feel less like their life has been taken control of. In these settings staff members will do care plans with the service users to make them feel involved  and like they have control over their care. Even if the care workers don’t totally agree with the service users decisions they can only advise against it and will have to accept and support whatever decision is made by the individual. Service users will feel more valued when they are being empowered. It is also important that staff allow the service user to be as independent as possible and only helping them where it’s needed so that the individual doesn’t feel like there independence has been taken. A difficulty with this could be if a service user lacks mental capacity, and did not have any immediate family around them, then it would be down to the professionals to make decisions about their care, and would choose the best options for that individual concerning their care, so this would mean that the service user might not feel empowered as they are unable to make their own choices. Balancing individuals rights with the rights of others Balancing individual’s rights with the rights of others requires very good organisation, negotiating and communication skills it will also require the support of a network of services with everyone in that service working towards a solution for individual rights. It’s about allowing residents to have a choice, because they have individual rights. an example of this could be if some residents wanted to watch a specific television programme but a couple other residents wanted to watch something else, the staff member would then have to negotiate with the residents and organise a room where the other residents can watch what they wish so that everyone possible is happy with what they are watching. A problem with this could be if the staff member did not have very good communication skills and was not able to negotiate effectively with the service users, because they have a lack of training in this area, to overcome this difficulty employees need to ensure all staff members have up to date and appropriate training so that the staff member is prepared for everything and knows how to balance individuals rights with the rights of others and how to deal with the conflict. Culture and preferences of the individual This means understanding and helping promote the service users culture, religion and preferences, and taking this into account when making decisions in the health and social care setting. An example of this could be if a resident in a care home was a Muslim then the staff members would have to ensure they are able to meet the needs of this faith like that halal meat is available for the resident and there is an area available where the resident can pray if they wish to do so. Also staff members have to support anyone who comes into the service by ensuring they are listened to and receive any support they need with their reading, socialising or personal care and that it is met with sensitivity, some service users may need the support of an advocate if they have communication issues or learning difficulties. The main forms of support may be advice and guidelines, physical support, mental health support, medical and care planning information and social support. A difficulty with this could be that staff members have not been trained in this area, and do not know about how religions and cultures and what their specific needs are. To overcome this difficulty, staff members should have training in diversity, and learn about other cultures so that they are able to meet the needs of individuals. Another difficulty with this could be that the care home may not have a spare room for residents to pray in, if so then care homes can provide a space in the resident’s room, or clear out a room that isn’t necessarily needed so that a praying area is there, also staff members could take residents out of the care home to a mosque, church, or religious setting of their choice, when it is convenient to do so. Supporting individuals to express their needs and preferences This means supporting a service user, who may not be able to communicate effectively, in expressing their needs and preferences so that the service user is happy with the care they are receiving and it meets their likes and dislikes. An example of this could be supporting someone who is deaf, by helping them express their needs and preferences it could mean they would have to use British sign language signers or lip speakers. It is important to keep the individual informed about what is happening to them and what will happen in the future concerning their care, and also services have to make sure the individual can express their needs and preferences. An  interpreter can be used for someone who doesn’t speak the local language of the health and social care setting; this could be a professional or could be a family member or friend. A problem with this could be that if someone who does not speak the local language is a new resident in a care home and has no immediate family, so staff members would struggle to meet the needs and demands of this new service user. To overcome this problem, staff members would have to use an interpreter who spoke both the local language and the resident’s main language. An interpreter can be quite expensive, which is another difficulty the health and social care setting will face, but in some circumstances interpreters are paid for by the NHS, if done privately it can cost a lot of money. Another way to overcome this difficulty if is staff members do small training courses in sign language so they will know the basics for when a service user with a hearing impairment uses that service. If a resident does not speak the local language then a few members of staff could learn the basics in that language so they are able to communicate more effectively with that service user. Identifying and challenging discrimination Within health and social care settings it is important that if any discrimination is identified it has to be challenged immediately, this is so the victim of the discrimination does not suffer anymore and this can be achieved by staff training and development, so that staff have an awareness of what to do if they see any discrimination and gives them a sense of awareness on the subject, telling a high authority like a manager when any rules concerning discrimination are broken by an individual, challenging inappropriate language, challenging any work colleagues who are demonstrating discriminatory behaviour towards another individual or a group of people and also implementations of government policies and guidelines on discrimination. An example of identifying and challenging discrimination would be if a care worker in a care home saw a fellow care worker treating one individual a lot different to the rest in a negative manner, calling them rude names and shouting at them just because they are of different race, then the care worker could either speak to their colleague about this informing them to stop or go to their manager who can then investigate and  take the right measures to ensure the discrimination stops. A difficulty with this could be that a staff member doesn’t have much confidence and feels too scared to speak to their manager about an incident they have witnessed, to overcome this difficulty staff members can use the ‘whistle blowing policy’ Every health and social care setting has a whistle blowing policy which is when a worker reports suspected wrongdoing at work. Officially this is called ‘making a disclosure in the public interest’. A worker can report things that aren’t right, are illegal or if anyone at work is neglecting their duty, this is all done anonymously. Promoting individuals’ rights, choices and wellbeing Active promotion of individuals’ rights, choices and wellbeing can be demonstrated in the way care workers in a health and social care setting work one to one with service users. By offering people a choice related to their care can make a big difference to how that service user feels and responds to the service, as they will feel more in control of their care and treatment, which will empower the individual. Choices from food to personal care are all vital and key to the services offered by health and social care workers, these choices are central to the wellbeing of the individual, such like what clothes to wear that day or what to eat that day, all of this promotes the individuals rights and wellbeing. â€Å"In health and social care, choice is being taken into much wider avenues through the way we access and use the public services available to us† (BTEC National Health and Social Care Book 1, Stretch, page 93, 2007). A problem with this could be that a staff member is not aware of the fact they should offer all service users a choice to make them feel empowered, to overcome this the employee (manager) should ensure that all staff members are appropriately trained in the area, and any new staff members are aware of this, so that all service users can be offered a choice. Another difficulty is that staff members may be aware they have to offer a choice to service users, but may have a bad attitude towards this and purposely not give services users a choice and therefore not empowering them, to overcome this all settings need to keep updating training, and ensure that all staff members are following the rules and regulations of such policies and if they are not to take appropriate  actions. Also to help overcome this difficulty the settings should have copies of some policies on the wall in an office, and the rest available to view by staff members at any time, this will ensure that any queries about policies or Acts, such as the disability discriminatory Act, can be sorted by checking the policy itself or asking a higher member of staff like a manager. All policies must be kept up to date. Policies and procedures Policies and procedures are designed determine all key choices and actions, and all activities take place within the limitations set by them. Procedures are the precise methods that are set in place to express policies in action in day-to-day operations of the health and social care setting. Together, policies and procedures ensure that a point of view held by the higher authority such as a manager of the health and social care setting is turned into steps that result in an outcome compatible with that view. An example of a policy in a health and social care setting would be the ‘anti-harassment policy’, ‘organisations and work places must have a policy in place, by law, which deals with issues of harassment or bullying, whether it is on the grounds of sexuality, race, ethnicity, gender, beliefs, sexuality orientation, marital status or disability’ (health and social care, book 1, stretch, 2012, page 76) this supports anti- discriminatory practice because wh en someone is harassed or bullied it is often on the grounds of discrimination, so this policy is against this happening which will help protect service users when they are in health and social care settings. Another example of a policy or procedure is the ‘Complaint procedures’, all health and social care organisations must have this procedure by law, the procedure states that if somebody complains, they have the right to, have their complaint dealt with efficiently, have their complaint properly investigated, know the outcome of any investigation into their complaint, take their complaint to higher authority and receive compensation if they have been harmed, this will support the anti-discriminatory practice because if someone puts in a complaint about discrimination, or anti-discriminatory practice, then the organisation will have to follow the rules of the complaints procedure so the complaint will  be dealt with properly and hopefully improve the anti-discriminatory practice in that health and social care setting. Also another example for a policy that supports the anti-discriminatory practice would be the ‘Confidentiality’ policy. The guidelines on this are clearly stated in the data protection act. Every health and social care professional will have to make sure they keep information about their service users confidential. The only time that confidentiality needs to be broken is when there is a risk of the individual harming themselves, hides abusive or potentially abusive situations or threatens the life of an individual. This helps support anti-discriminatory because service users will feel like they can trust their care workers and not feel like that care worker will abuse that trust and humiliate the service user by not keeping their information confidential, so the service user will feel no matter who they are the care workers have to keep their information confidential, so they cannot be discriminated against and have their information leaked by care workers.

Rehabilitation in Prison Essay

Prison rehabilitation programs are the methods stated by criminal justice authorities to keep prisoners away from committing further crimes. Previously, the purpose of such programs was to improve the character of prisoners but now it has been directed towards complete avoidance of crimes. These programs assist criminals to start new life free from criminal activities. There are several methods or disciplines of prisoner rehabilitation (Cartmell, 2011). Some prisons are into the faith-based prisoner rehabilitation wherein religion is used to encourage inmates to adapt some moral values. There are also prisons, which practice the nonreligious and nonmedical approach to prisoner rehabilitation. Some of their programs last for about six to eight months. This program does not use alternative drugs for its drug rehabilitation module, and the costs are extremely low compared to the other prisoner rehabilitation programs that use drugs and acquire the services of third party counselors (Cartmell, 2011). Although prisoner rehabilitation does not guarantee that a prisoner is release on the due date, if he or she will then follow a life of crime any longer, at least it will give him or her new perspective on life. It will ensure that prisoners do not go out with the same attitude they had when they came in (Cartmell, 2011). It will change their lives and give his or her hope that there is life waiting for them outside the prison walls. Parole is the discharge of an inmate, previous to the expiration of the inmate’s court-imposed sentence with a period of supervision to be successfully completed by observance with the conditions and terms of the release agreement ordered by the Commission (Christensen, 2003-2011) . The decision of the commission to parole an inmate shall represent an act of grace of the state and should not be considered a right.  There are several differences between parole and probation. Most of the misunderstanding regarding the words is that probation officers may also be called parole officers. Probation is part of a sentence for committing a crime. The judge decides how much time a person must serve in jail guided by the laws of the state and how much time after incarceration is spent on probation. Sometimes a judge will only sentence a person convicted of a minor crime to one to several years of probation (Christensen, 2003-2011). Although on probation, a condition of the sentence may be to have weekly or monthly meetings with a probation officer. The other conditions may be applied to probation (Christensen, 2003-2011). A person may not be able to drive, or might have a curfew. He or she must also not commit further crimes whereas on probation, or the probation may be violated. This empowers the courts to send the person to jail to serve the length of the original sentence, and to serve any additional time for new crimes. Parole, on the other hand, is granted to the individual placed in jail. With many crimes sentencing has a maximum amount of years imposed. These years in jail however can be shortened if the person convicted of a crime behaves well in prison. After a time, a person in prison â€Å"comes up† for parole. The decision to grant a person parole is made by a parole board. If the person has done well in prison, and early release is not contested, the parole board can shorten prison time. There is superior motivation to parole nonviolent offenders because many jails are overcrowded. When a person receives parole, he or she is often bound by many conditions. The violation of parole means going back to prison to serve out the rest of one’s sentence. When someone is on parole is quite similar to experiencing probation. One expects a greater degree of supervision and is bound by the parole board or the court to behave in an exemplary fashion (Christensen, 2003-2011). Probation is given as part of judge’s sentence during a trial. Both impose conditions on the person’s continued behavior. Violation of these conditions can result in serving some or serving more jail time. The Community Corrections Division supervises offenders who either been confined in a county jail or prison for felonies, convictions of more than a year, or sentenced to direct supervision in the community (Mangino, 2006) . Most offenders have conditions of supervision.  These conditions guides by public-safety considerations and engage each offender in programs to reduce their likelihood of re-offense. Offenders report to Community Corrections Officers and depending upon the offender’s history or crime is prohibited from acquiring contact with minors or victims. They’re also required to submit to urinalysis testing and to participate in substance abuse treatment programs. A range of sanctions imposed for noncompliance, up to and including jail time. The purpose of community corrections has many good reasons, overcrowding in jails and prisons can be greatly reduced, a person can remain a productive member of society and still serve his or her sentence. The risks involves with anything, the court must take those into consideration before placing someone in a diversion program, minor drug offenses are being dealt with in this fashion and in a number of cases proving to be successful in doing so (Mangino, 2006) . In deciding on the release from prison of a life sentenced prisoner, the Minister will always consider the advice and recommendations of the Parole Board of Ireland (Mangino, 2006) .The Board, at present, initially reviews prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment after seven years served. Prisoners serving very long sentences, including life sentences, are normally reviewed on a number of occasions over a number of years before any substantial concessions recommended by the Board (Mangino, 2006) . The final decision as to about a life sentenced prisoner is release solely with the Minister. The length of time spent in custody by offenders serving life sentences can vary substantially. Of those prisoners serving life sentences released, the average sentence served in prison is approximately 12 years. However, this is only an average, and there are prisoners serving life sentences in Ireland who have spent in excess of 30 years in custody. In conclusion, criminal experts believe the need for prisoner rehabilitation programs so that cases of prisoners won’t continue. Although prisoner rehabilitation does not guarantee that a prisoner, or that he or she will not follow a life of crime any longer, at least it will give him or her new perspective on life. Prisoners serving very long sentences,  including life sentences, are normally reviewed on a number of occasions over a number of years before any substantial concessions recommended by the Board. The final decision as to about a life sentenced prisoner is rests solely with the Minister. Criminal experts believe the need for prisoner rehabilitation programs so that cases of prisoners re-offending will be pointed. The length of time spent in custody by offenders serving life sentences to a large extent. References Christensen, T. (2003-2011). Conjecture Corporation. : Mangino, Mathew ProQuest Newspaper Database. , p. (2006, December 6 Cartmell, P. (2011). Rehabilitation

Definition Of Small And Medium Enterprises Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2241 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? The definition of small business differ by different country and by different industry. Small enterprise have limited employees, sales is also low and focus on certain localised business regions. Some of the small business are run by families. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Definition Of Small And Medium Enterprises Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Most of the small or medium business are run by single owners, for example: a neighbourhood restaurant or a local bakery. Being small seems to bring them many advantages. The majority of businesses are considered small businesses and they currently employ 13.2 million people which accounts for greater than 58% of the UK private sector workforce (Connell,2007),and Mack(1999) also claims that virtually all the net new jobs being created are by small firms. Moreover, they play an important role in increasing the GDP of households. Haynes(2007) demonstrates that the wealth and income of households owning businesses tend to grow faster than ones that do not own businesses. Small businesses can be set up easily, entrepreneurs have their independence in making decisions and they do not need to consider others opinions. Small businesses serve fewer customers and usually have more frequent contact with those customers than large businesses. They also get the direct information from customers about what they like or dislike. Therefore, small businesses gain an advantage when customers have unique needs, want more individual attention, and are willing to pay a bit more for the product or service to obtain what they really want. On the other hand, all small businesses are not succeed. In fact, their failure rate seems to be higher than larger businesses. There is only one owner thus capital is very limited and difficulties in many areas become noticeable. As a result of having difficulty in getting loans from the banks. In the SAMs the main daily financial source is a from the customers. Some small enterprise have cash flow problems frequently due to customers who are late payers; some are closed down as a result of the inability to pay suppliers or debts in time. Additionally, over one third small businesses experienced cash flow problems during the past two years . Furthermore, depending on the size and nature of businesses, environmental legislations have brought them difficulties in seeking efficient environmental solutions such as sourcing environmentally friendly products and limiting manufacture waste. Further, one of the business needs is insurance, which provides an important means to handle busines s risks. In recent years, insurance has become hard to find for small businesses, is less affordable and gives less protection. Cash is like the blood in human body for all companies. So, the problem of financing is one of the most important issues in company operations. Appropriate and healthy sources of capital is the primary issue for an enterprise, especially for the SMEs. As policy, the reasons for their ideas, and SMEs own flaw, so that the financing channels for SMEs is relatively narrow, a shortage of funds has become a major bottleneck for the development of SMEs. This paper is trying to explore into the financing problems that SMEs face and provide some feasible sources of finance which can ease the cash flow pressures for SMEs. SMEs can be defined as having three main characteristics: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Companies are not quoted on a stock exchange they are unquoted ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Ownership of the business is typically restricted to a few individuals. Often this is a family connection between the shareholders ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Many SMEs are the means by which individuals (or small groups) effectively achieve self-employment When an SME is not growing significantly, financing may not be a major problem. However, the financing problem becomes very important when a company is growing rapidly, for example when contemplating investment in capital equipment or an acquisition. Few growing companies are able to finance their expansion plans from cash flow alone. They will therefore need to consider raising finance from other external sources. In addition, managers who are looking to buy-in to a business or buy-out a business from its owners, may not have the resources to acquire the company. They will need to raise finance to achieve their objectives. Sources of finance for SMEs There are a number of potential sources of finance to meet the needs of small and growing businesses: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Existing shareholders and directors funds (owner financing) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Overdraft financing ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Trade credit ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Equity finance ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Factoring and invoice discounting ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Hire purchase and leasing ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Merchant banks (medium to longer term loans) Overdraft financing is provided when businesses make payments from their business current account exceeding the available cash balance. An overdraft facility enables businesses to obtain short-term funding although in theory the amount loaned is repayable on demand by the bank. There are several important factors to consider when assessing the appropriateness of an overdraft as a source of funding for SMEs: The amount borrowed should not exceed the agreed limit (facility). The amount of the facility made available is a matter for negotiation with the bank; Interest is charged on the amount overdrawn at a rate that is above the Bank Base Rate. The bank may also charge an overdraft facility fee; Overdrafts are generally meant to cover short-term financing requirements they are not generally meant to provide a permanent source of finance Depending on the size of the overdraft facility, the bank may require the SME to provide some security for example by securing the overdraft against tangible fixed assets, or against personal guarantees provided by the directors The amount of an overdraft at any one time will depend on the cash flows of the business, the timing of receipts and payments, seasonal trends in the sales and so on. For the past few years, apart from traditional financing as said above, a new form of financing was known as Trade financing. Its a popular method in order to solve the cash flow in the international trade. The trend is reflected partly in the growth in factoring volume. Trade finance gives you access to additional working capital and can help your business grow by funding the gap between the purchase and sale of a product or service. Trade finance terms are usually flexible and cost- effective, complementing existing banking relationships. Growth in open accout trade have implications to trade financing for SMEs ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Cash Flow financing vs Balance Sheet financing ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Knowledge in trade finance is waning among SMEs and some local banks (some even do not see trade finance as bank lending) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Open account trade is less structured and leads to lower appetite for banks to finance due to risk concern, especially to SMEs who are weak in corporate governance and in weathering economic downturn ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Trade finance needs to be in different forms under documentary trade and open account trade, requiring investment in staff training, customer education and systems The Importance of Trade Financing: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Making international trade easier to SMEs and allowing more new start-ups to participate in international trade ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Trade financing helps banks develop a complete picture of SME customers trade pattern, which would help long-term relationship development between banks and SMEs ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Trade financing encourages a more stable relationship between suppliers and buyers because trade finance tend to be less transactional and buyers and suppliers are always identified ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Less pressure in arranging unstructured revolving loans to SMEs in general Equity Finance is the money raised for company activities by selling common or preferred stock to individual or institutional investors. However, this method is not feasible for SMEs. So, its necessary to repeat more. Factoring also known as debt factoring involves selling invoices to a third party. In return they will process the invoices and allow to draw funds against the money owed to business. Essentially, these companies provide a finance, debt collection and ledger management service. It is commonly used by businesses to improve cashflow but can also be used to reduce administration overheads. Businesses that supply this service are called factors or debt factoring companies. Invoice discounting is an alternative way of drawing money against invoices. However, business retains control over the administration of your sales ledger. As well as providing finance, it offers valuable support services and credit insurance. Commercial banks as a group are the main source of external finance for SMEs. The characteristics of the banking system in emerging markets frequently inhibit SME lending. The root cause of this is could because most banks are state-owned in China. Histories of substandard lending may leave many banks with weak balance sheets. Significant shares of total credit are often allocated on the basis of government guarantees or under special programs to support targeted sectors. Banks may also be subjected to interest rate ceilings that make it difficult to price credit to SMEs in order to fully reflect the risk of lending to SMEs. In some countries, the authorities have been reluctant to allow banks to fail and the banking system was therefore supported by implicit or explicit government guarantees. Many banks may have ownership and other ties to industrial interests and, thus, tend to favor state-owned enterprises. If the banking system has possibilities to earn acceptable returns by lending to other borrowers, it will not develop the skills needed to do SME lending. If the formal banking system shows little inclination to lend to SMEs, there is little incentive for firms to produce credible accounts and operate transparently. The objectives for all SMEs are to motivate banks to make loans Risk awareness and high proportion of default in loan repayment from stop banks to grant loans to SMEs. It is necessary to establish a sound financial system for SMEs. Draw on marketing methods, popularize the corporate culture and the project dominant and development plan. It will attract banks who are willing to loan money to enterprises. However, the repayment of the first loan is very significant. This come down to the repayment terms problem. These do not just include how long the loan will continue and how much of each regular payment is of capital, and how much of interest, but also the circumstances in which the bank can call in the loan early. For instance, the terms may state that the entire loan should become repayable, with penalty interest, if more than two consecutive payments are late. At establish a sound financial system and the same time, SMEs should pay attention the long-term planning, draw up a financial plan for the development of the company. Importance of Financial Planning It is important to plan finances in order to reap long term benefits through the assets in hand. The investments that one makes are structured properly and managed by professionals through financial planning. Every decision regarding our finances can be monitored if a proper plan is devised in advance. The following points explain why financial planning is important. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Cash Flow: Financial planning helps in increasing cash flow as well as monitoring the spending pattern. The cash flow is increased by undertaking measures such as tax planning, prudent spending and careful budgeting. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Capital: A strong capital base can be built with the help of efficient financial planning. Thus, one can think about investments and thereby improve his financial position. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Income: It is possible to manage income effectively through planning. Managing income helps in segregating it into tax payments, other monthly expenditures. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Enterprise Security: Financial planning is necessary from the point of view of enterprise security. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Investment: A proper financial plan that considers the income and expenditure of an enterprise, helps in choosing the right investment policy. It enables the enterprise to reach the set goals. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Financial Understanding: The financial planning process helps gain an understanding about the current financial position. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Assets: A nice cushion in the form of assets is what many of all company desire for. But many assets come with liabilities attached. Thus, it becomes important to determine the true value of an asset. The knowledge of settling or canceling the liabilities, comes with the understanding of finances. The overall process helps enterprises build assets that dont become a burden in the future. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Savings: It is good to have investments with high liquidity. These investments, owing to their liquidity, can be utilized in times of emergency. Planning of financial always helps enterprises in the long run. Conclusion ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ Financing have many ways. In the article, we say about borrowing from the bank, business owners, government aid and free market funds entered. We can be flexible to take these ways link together. However, the purpose of the financing is to do the business better and make the product better. Overall, enterprises must be integrated with each department to improve its effetiveness. Only through the effective financial management, the enterprises will not lose its creditbility and will become feasible in accessing bank loans and government aids. Since the Government have already recognized the importance of SMEs, more good policies have been released to help SMEs. Government have already taken several measures to help small and medium enterprises to get out of difficulties. Measures such as the SME Funds, the SME collection of bonds, equity loans, accounts receivable collateral loans, small loan companies,Security agencies and financial resources into the financing of the GEM Listing can be applied by the SMEs to ease their cash constraint. SMEs should select with discretion what are the best financing tools which suit them most. As emphasized previously, successfully seeking for the finance is nessary to integrate with an effective financial planning and its management if the achievement of the overall business success is to be reached.