Modernization Theory and Classical Dependency Theory Essay

Modernization hypothesis is the way toward changing from a customary or immature society to a cutting edge Western social orders lifestyle. Essentially, Modernization hypothesis turned into the establishment stone of this transformative remedy for advancement. The hypothesis isn't homogeneousâ€numerous advocates differ on a few key highlights. Be that as it may, in wide blueprint, the hypothesis concentrated on insufficiencies in the less fortunate nations and conjectured about approaches to defeat these inadequacies. It saw conventional society as a progression of negatives: stale and perpetual, not creative, not benefit making, not advancing, not developing. Modernization is the financial development inside social orders and the third world didn't experience these monetary or political changes; it was ‘left behind’. So the errand of the Third World is to change itself from custom to innovation. That is, to follow the strides of the Western world. Indeed, on the grou nds that the way is presently diagrammed, these nations can maintain a strategic distance from the mix-ups made by the West. Then again, Dependency is likewise not a homogeneous, brought together theoryâ€serious explanatory contrasts persevere inside the school. Financial development in cutting edge nations made Third World destitution afterward: not just that the Third World is poor in correlation with the industrialized world; rather that it is poor since improvement of the mechanical framework in Western Europe and North America changed and devastated numerous social orders of Asia, Africa and Latin America, through expansionism, government and extractive terms of exchange. At the point when free enterprise started to spread, the incessant quest for benefit started: through the creation of rural products in settlements or different grounds, and Western Europe’s capacity to drive inconsistent deals. This on a very basic level changed the social structures of the Third World. The term reliance originates from this connection: Some state the abuse of different districts for their crude materials and work ruined them and caused them to rely upon the West. Others bring up that in actuality it is the reverse way around: that the West has been reliant on the Third World however history so as to have the option to develop and succeed. Modernization hypothesis considers private enterprise to be an imaginative power, causing development and progress. Reliance considers global to be as the destruction of the Third World. Modernization considers rich to be as assistants of poor nations; reliance considers them to be the primary snag to the prosperity of the less fortunate nations. Not all of reliance theorists’ solutions are hostile to private enterprise in any case: some seeâ some great in utilizing free enterprise and protectionism to improve national economies. The two hypotheses have point in wording on how build up these underdeveloped nations and address neediness. As indicated by modernization viewpoint the reasons for destitution are because of auxiliary limitations set on the third world by European forces. It portrays the auxiliary limitations as inconsistent trade. The declining â€Å"terms of trade† as the cost of fares from the third world are diminishing, while costs from created nations are expanding. This impact makes a roundabout snare as wages in underdeveloped nations are low, which decays the fare costs, while compensation in more extravagant nations are expanding, which cause increments in the cost of mechanical merchandise. This implies immature nations need to continually expand their returns and fares for their benefits to remain the equivalent. Then again, reliance viewpoint contends that the reasons for neediness in underdeveloped nations are because of their conventional societies and qualities. These hypotheses accept that so as to tackle this issue poor nations can prevail through after the strides of created nations. These would incorporate attacking different nations to. Be that as it may, this is very unachievable in light of the fact that we are currently in present day time. On account of the Philippines, I accept that we can accomplish and get one of the create nations. For instance, iphone has a metal spread and iron to its inside body; the metal was created through mining and traded to certain nations. At the point when it returns it becomes iphone and it cost increasingly costly. As it were, the nations that delivered metal and have constrained innovation are making those created nations more extravagant. Rather than sending out those items, used it inside the nation and benefit more from it. Absence of innovation isn't the motivation to depend in the western nations, restless and being satisfied for what they have. They don’t think about the better things that they can have. The genuine pith of majority rules system was killed and overlooked that it is the standard of the horde. On the off chance that these hypotheses are extremely pertinent why underdeveloped nations are as yet pooping and experiencing neediness. In any case, it is truly relevant it’s simply happen that the mentality and the thinking about the individuals are extraordinary. Like what I have gained from Cuban individuals, individuals must change their perspective.

Catcher in the Rye Plot Essay Example for Free

Catcher in the Rye Plot Essay At the point when somebody is youthful, they will in general have blamelessness about them. As youngsters grow up, they no longer have this regular honesty. Introduction to the entirety of the scorn on the planet causes this misfortune. Holden Caulfield understands this straightforward actuality, as he himself grows up, and makes some troublesome memories with the change. He encounters issues with correspondence just as his school work. A typical topic utilized all through The Catcher in the Rye has to do with inconsistencies Holden makes. In J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye, first individual perspective is utilized to feature logical inconsistencies Holden makes all through the novel. Holden’s first logical inconsistency turns out to be clear in the initial not many sections of the book. With regards to going to motion pictures, he guarantees that he detests the organization of Robert Ackley or heading out to see films. However, he goes to a show with Ackley. On Friday night, while Stradlater was out on the town with Jane, Holden made his own arrangements. Holden, Mal Brossard, and Ackley went out for a burger and a film. â€Å"†¦ chose we’d bring a transport into Agerstown and have a cheeseburger and possibly observe a lousy movie.†(36) Due to the utilization of first individual perspective, we discover Holden’s internal contemplations rather than simply depending on his activities. Likewise, later on in the novel, Holden goes out to see one more film, regardless of his case of hating them. While in the theater, he turns out to be very irritated with the lady sitting close to him. She cried all through the whole film over, in Hold en’s words, fake stuff. â€Å"†¦ there was a woman sitting close to me that cried all through the goddam picture. The phonier it got, the more she cried.†(139) We find out about Holden’s inward considerations due to first individual perspective. We can discover another logical inconsistency managing Holden’s contempt of motion pictures. At the point when he goes to the principal film, he goes with Robert Ackley, notwithstanding the way that Holden recently revealed to us that he detests him. Holden says that he sees Ackley as totally irritating. Be that as it may, he was the person who welcomed Ackley along. â€Å"I inquired as to whether he disapproved if Ackley joined us†¦ Mal said he didn’t mind however that he wasn’t too obsessed with the idea.†(36) This statement helps show another logical inconsistency of Holden’s through Salinger’s utilization of first individual perspective. Holden additionally searched out Ackley as a type of solace after his battle with Stradlater. Holden had nobody else to go to after the battle aside from Ackley. â€Å"I had a vibe Ackley’d likely heard all the racket and was alert, so I experienced the shower drapes and into his room† (46). Salinger again utilizes first individual perspective to show considerably a greater amount of this constriction. Another inconsistency that can be found has to do with Sally Hayes. In spite of the fact that Holden calls Sally a fake, he despite everything chooses to go through a night with her. In his mind, he keeps on saying the amount he loathes Sally and the amount she disturbs him, yet he communicates that he adores her. Holden broadens his logical inconsistency by necking with Sally in the rear of the taxi, and still keeps on pondering the way that he despises her. â€Å"I disclosed to her I cherished her what not. It was a lie, of course.†(125) Holden’s genuine contemplations about Sally stick out from different explanations using first individual perspective. Holden even goes similar to attempting to flee with Sally. He communicates a need of fleeing and living all alone, directly in the wake of calling her an undeniable irritation. â€Å"I was getting energized as hellfire the more I considered it, and I kind of came to over and took old Sally’s goddam hand. What a goddam idiot I was.† (132) This logical inconsistency was appeared using first individual perspective. First individual perspective is utilized by J.D. Salinger to show Holden’s logical inconsistencies in the Catcher in the Rye. Holden negates himself all the time; it persuades that he is insane. Because of the way that he has an issue with imparting to other people, letting his emotions out turned into a test. His greatest fight included his inward considerations, and the words he really communicated for all to hear. We can discover the greater part of his logical inconsistencies through this clash of words.

What Hemingway, Twain and King Can Teach Us About Blogging

What Hemingway, Twain and King Can Teach Us About Blogging Writing a blog post is not the same as writing a Great American Novel, yet some of the best writing advice ever shared applies as much to blogging as it does to other literary genres. Read on to find out what acclaimed authors such as Ernest Hemingway, Mark Twain and Stephen King can teach us all about good writing: Photo: Ernest Hemingway on his typewriter All you have to do is write one true sentence. Write the truest sentence that you know.Ernest Hemingway The hardest part of writing an article is often getting started. Writer’s block isn’t some made-up condition authors use to hide laziness; it’s a common problem that most people in creative professions suffer from on occasion. The American novelist and Nobel prize winner Ernest Hemingway found a great way to deal with this issue. He would calmly remind himself that he had always managed to write and that he could do so again â€" all he needed to do was to start with one true sentence that he either knew or had seen or heard someone say. The first draft of everything is shit.Ernest Hemingway Hemingway’s words are harsh but honest. Professional writers know that there’s hardly such a thing as getting it “right” on the first try. Your first draft is merely a way to get your ideas on paper (or screen) and to help you see what it really is you want to say. Once you know for sure what that is, it’s time to rewrite. When you write a story, you’re telling yourself the story. When you rewrite, your main job is taking out all the things that are not the story.Stephen King King’s advice is as true for blog posts as it is for the countless works of fiction this best-selling author has produced in his life. Ernest Hemingway’s advice to “Write drunk, edit sober” reflects the same idea. What you  can do: After finishing the first draft of your blog post, read the text again and deliberately search for information that goes beyond the scope of the article or could potentially confuse your reader. I notice that you use plain, simple language, short words and brief sentences. That is the way to write English â€" it is the modern way and the best way. Stick to it; don’t let fluff and flowers and verbosity creep in.Mark Twain This advice comes from the man who wrote the Great American Novel ‘Adventures of Huckleberry Finn’ and whose words ring particularly true in our time, where texts are being consumed on ever smaller screens by people who have less and less time for ‘fluff and flowers’. What you can do: Once you’ve trimmed down your text to what’s really important to your story, it’s time to look at what’s left and how you can improve it. Tip: Don’t try to force people into reading your article word for word. Most people on the internet are skimmers, and  if they cant find the information they’re looking for quickly, they will leave your page and move on. Accommodate skimmers by using the following best practices: Use short words and sentences Make important keywords stand out Use meaningful H2s to structure your article Add bulleted lists Use images to keep readers engaged You learn best by reading a lot and writing a lot.Stephen King Talent, an affinity for language, and the right motivation all play a role in your success as a writer. But like most things in life, writing is a skill that has to be acquired and practiced. You don’t have to get a PhD in English Literature to become a successful blogger, but you can learn a lot from the successes and failures of your peers, both in terms of style, format, and content. What you  can do: Make it a habit to follow bloggers who cover your niche and actively analyze their articles â€" particularly the ones that are getting the most attention. Are there any other great writing tips from famous authors that are missing in this post? Share them in the comments below! Brainstorm and outline blog posts visually See also: A Guide to Story Telling with Mind Maps

Diabetes Epidemic Of Todays Youth - 1644 Words

Diabetes Epidemic in Today’s Youth According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the rate of childhood obesity has doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents in the past 30 years (â€Å"Childhood Obesity Facts†). With increasing rates of childhood obesity, it’s not a surprise that diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases found among children in the United States today (â€Å"Diabetes in Youth†). In fact, according to the American Diabetes Association, an estimated 208,000 Americans under the age of 20 will be diagnosed with diabetes in one year. Diabetes, or commonly referred to as diabetes mellitus by doctors and professionals, is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person’s blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high. To understand how one’s body produces and reacts to sugar, one must have a basic knowledge of glucose and insulin. Humans obtain glucose from the foods they intake. Glucose is a vit al source of energy for the body’s cells and tissues. Insulin is a hormone that allows cells to turn glucose into energy; insulin helps transport glucose into the body’s tissues, thus giving cells the energy required to carry out the processes necessary for life. If a person’s body does not produce enough insulin needed for the body to function efficiently, the glucose stays in their blood, thus accumulating and causing a high level of blood sugar. (Medline Plus) There are two main types of diabetes mellitus: type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.Show MoreRelatedObesity : Becoming A Public Concern1654 Words   |  7 Pages Executive Summary Obesity has become an epidemic in American societies that has become a public concern. According to the American Obesity Association (AOA), overweight and obesity rates are higher than ever in America’s youth. Obesity is the fastest growing cause of disease in American society today. Some of the major health concerns for today’s youth with obesity include severe asthma, Diabetes, Hypertension, orthopedic complications and sleep apnea. Researchers have come up with manyRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Epidemic Of Today s Youth1108 Words   |  5 PagesAfrica? This is a phrase you probably heard from your mother during childhood. With the difference ,in portion control, on the go meals, and lack of exercise in today,s youth, this question can cause a child to be a statistic of childhood obesity. Childhood obesity is one of the United States most leading medical epidemic of today’s youth. According to the Center for Disease Control, seventeen percent of children or a bout twelve and a half million adolescents between the ages of two and nineteen yearsRead MoreChildren And Type 2 Diabetes1533 Words   |  7 PagesChildren and Type 2 Diabetes Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been reported with increased frequency over the last twenty years in adolescents and children in the United States. As a result of T2DM glucose metabolism within the body of affected adolescents and children is severely compromised. Formerly known as adult onset and/or insulin resistant diabetes T2DM occurs due to the cell inability to properly use insulin which then results in lowered secretion of insulin as well as insulin resistanceRead MoreThe Dangers Of Modern Eating1216 Words   |  5 Pagesconnected to food and nutrition. This society now relies heavily on a lot of flavorings. 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The universe in America faces growing epidemic of obesity. â€Å"Between 1980 and 2013, the combined prevalence of overweight and obesity worldwide roseRead MoreRecommendation Report On Children With Diabetes1719 Words   |  7 Pageschildren with diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases of any childhood. In today’s society there are children fighting this disease in their everyday life’s and as society, we do have control to decrease this disease with the right knowledge. Parents, school, communities and the health care systems must work together to provide information to direct them to what this disease is and why it’s occurring in more in children’s life in an everyday basis. â€Å"Diabetes is a problem withRead MoreAnalysis Of Wendell Berry s The Pleasures Of Eating1309 Words   |  6 Pagesfrozen precooked dinner. Simultaneously, the big food corporations mass produce low-quality products and manipulate their prices to appeal to consumers. These eating habits yield negative effects t o their health, paving a pathway to obesity, Type 2 diabetes, and other diseases. Humans no longer have an eye for the quality of the food they consume. For instance, in Wendell Berry’s â€Å"The Pleasures of Eating†, Berry discusses how humans are passive consumers of the food industry; meaning they lack insightRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Obesity1637 Words   |  7 Pagesvery serious problem and is becoming very dangerous in today’s world. Obesity is now considered to be the second most preventable death in America, with tobacco being the first. As use of tobacco rates continues to decline, the obesity rates continue to rise. With that being said, death numbers of obesity are going to rise compare to tobacco (Obesity Consequences 2012). Obesity causes many health conditions, including heart disease, stroke, diabetes, high blood pressure, unhealthy cholesterol, asthmaRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1637 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract: In today’s society, the amount of overweight and obese individuals has been increasing at a drastic rate. The main discussion is the increase in rates of childhood and adolescent obesity, the health impacts this can have on a child immediately and in the future, and what are the contributing factors to this increase in obese youths. A possible contributing factor is food advertisements that contain poor-nutrient food and are targeted at children. Children and adolescents are constantlyRead MoreThe Importance Of Parental Involvement On Childhood Obesity1342 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough different stages of growth and development from the time they are conceived to when they reach adolescence. Children are at a high risk of developing obesity, if the mother suffers from diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes, and under or over nutrition during pregnancy. They need screening to prevent diabetes during pregnancy. During their child’s toddler years, parents need to expose them to healthy foods including fruits and vegetables to their children. They also need to focus

The Events Leading Up to the Assassination of President...

The events leading up to the Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln There are men who want to take my life. And I have no doubt they will do it. . . If it is to be done, it is impossible to prevent it. This quote can closely be related to Abraham Lincoln and his assassination. This shows that President Lincoln was committed to his beliefs and traditions. When Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, it was because his killer was an anti-abolitionist, and he did not agree with Lincoln’s ways. He was a strong and intellectual way and was often frowned upon for his thinking. He died for what he believed in and he did not want it any other way. Sixteenth President-Elected March of 1861. In his short presidency Abraham Lincoln guided our†¦show more content†¦When none of his attempts were successful, he set a new plan, one not quite like the others, this one-an assassination. According to Booth’s former friend Louis Weichmann, Booth set out this plan after hearing Lincoln deliver a speech about Negro Suffrage. Abraham Lincoln’s death was a horrible situation. About ten days before his assassination he had a premonition of his death while he was sleeping. In his dream he heard strong sobs coming from somewhere in the White House. He was walking from room to room without seeing anyone. Eventually he came upon the East Room, and he entered. He saw a coffin with soldiers around it, acting as guards. He remembers asking â€Å"Who is dead in the White House?† and the soldier replied with â€Å"The President, he was killed by assassin!† He recalled a woman shrieking and then the next thing he knew, he was awake. This is one of the most investigated situations surrounding President Abraham Lincoln’s assassination because no one understands how such a thing could have happened. On April 14th, 1865 the President and the First Lady decided to go to a showing of Our American Cousin, at Ford’s Theatre. A policeman was positioned outside of the balcony door that evening. It is said that he left the theatre during intermission and went to the saloon next door for a drink, leaving Lincoln exposed. Just then, at 10:15 p.m., Booth slipped into the box and shot President Lincoln in the back of the head,Show MoreRelatedThe Assassination Of President Abraham Lincoln Essay983 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican history in my opinion is the Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. With no surprise I am writing about certain event that occurred leading up to, during, and after this unfortunate event. This historical event is clouded with conspiracy but I will try to avoid specifics of that particular view. Abraham Lincoln was born in a little town located within Hardin Country, Kentucky on February 12, 1809 (www.whitehouse.gov/abrahamlincoln). He grew up dirt poor and in my opinion could be consideredRead MoreKilling Lincoln by Bill OReilly962 Words   |  4 PagesKilling Lincoln Book Review The mystery of how John Wilkes Booth pulled off the most influential and notorious assassinations in history is revealed in Killing Lincoln. The author of this book, Bill O’Reilly, built up the plot of the story through vivid historical details and pieced them together like a thriller. He tries to explain all of what happened on one of the most interesting and sad days in American history. Many conspiracies and Civil War ideals are on full display in the book. I agreeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem O Captain ! My Captain By Walt Whitman826 Words   |  4 PagesMany Leaders lack the ability to move people. Mourning the death of a leader is an even bigger task to take on. Abraham Lincoln, in this case was an exception. In the famous poem, â€Å"O Captain! My Captain!† Written by, Walt Whitman in the year 1865. The poem, refers to a terrible event in American history; the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. Instead of the country celebrating and rejoicing over th e ending of the Civil War and being happy over the country being kept whole, everyone wasRead MoreThe Assassination of President Lincoln Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesThe Assassination of President Lincoln The assassination of President Lincoln was so tragic because both Abraham Lincoln and John Wilkes Booth both believed they were doing the right thing. Abraham Lincoln wanted freedom for all because he believed that was right. He knew not everyone agreed and that was why America was having a Civil War but he felt that it was the right thing to do. John Wilkes Booth believed that there should be slaves in the south and did not agree with President Lincoln atRead MoreEssay On John Wilkes Booth1453 Words   |  6 PagesAshlie Clark U.S. History Prof. Kearney Due: September 7th, 2017 The First U.S. President to Ever be Assassinated Many people view Abraham Lincoln as the best president our country has ever had and I for one, agree. Lincoln dedicated his life to this country, spending most of his political life campaigning against slavery, letting the country know that he was against everything it stood for. However, upon Abraham Lincolns inauguration, our nation divided itself. The election signaled the secessionRead MoreLincolns Assassination: Foreshadowing the Implementation of the Secret Service, FBI, and CIA1181 Words   |  5 PagesApril 15th, 1865 the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln was assassinated at Ford’s Theatre in Washington D.C. This was the first successful attempt to have a president assassinated while in office. After unsuccessful attempts, the first successful assassination of the president pointed out gaping flaws in the government. The first and most obvious flaw was the lack of secret service which provides the president with protection. Also, Lincoln’s a ssassination exposed the inability forRead MoreKilling Lincoln : The Shocking Assassination That Changed America Forever Essay1761 Words   |  8 PagesBill O’Reilly and Martin Dugard write Killing Lincoln: The Shocking Assassination That Changed America Forever , a book about the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln and the events leading up to the assassination. The purpose of the book is to strategically break down the days and events leading up to the death of Abraham Lincoln and provoke thoughts in the minds of the readers. The authors want to uncover proven and alleged conspiracy theories. Bill O’Reilly writes a plethora of other booksRead MoreAnalysis Of Bill O Reilly1286 Words   |  6 PagesThe book is about a series of events starting from the American Civil War and lasting to the final days of John Wilkes Booth’s plans to assassinate President Abraham Lincoln at the Ford’s Theatre. Author, Bill O’Reilly is attempting to correct the misleading assumptions and alleged conspiracies that had taken place leading up to the events of Lincoln’s assassination and explain in detail the scenarios and what a ruthless person Booth really was. O’Reilly wrote the book to provide us the history ofRead MorePresident Abraham Lincoln and John Wilkes Booth Essay examples1358 Words   |  6 Pages This evening at Ford’s Theater in Washington President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth, who thinks he is helping the south in this act, but will that be the truth? In a moment we will go to reporter Krayton Schnepf who is on the scene, but until then lets get some background information on Abe. Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809 in Hardin County, Kentucky in a one-room log cabin. He was the second son of Thomas and Nancy Lincoln. Here is Krayton Schnepf on the scene†¦..We areRead MoreKilling Lincoln By Bill O Reilly And Martin Dugard1609 Words   |  7 PagesKilling Lincoln by Bill O Reilly and Martin Dugard is a book that captures the days leading up to and surrounding President Abraham Lincoln’s death. The purpose of this book is to give the reader insight about anything relating to President Abraham Lincoln in his final days. Bill O’Reilly hosts his own news television show called â€Å"The O’Reilly Factor† which is aired on the Fox News Channel where he talks about political issues. He has written many other books with Dugard like Killing Kenn edy: The

Explore the Subject of ‘Self Disclosure’ by Counsellors Free Essays

Explore the subject of ‘self disclosure’ by councellors Disclosure in the dictionary is ‘the act of revealing and exposing to view’ My understanding of self disclosure in this context is to mean revealing the counsellors personal information and emotions. In this unique relationship this is to be expected when the client is communicating, in fact it is actively encouraged, because that is their roll in the therapeutic relationship. However my exploration will concern when is it acceptable for the counsellor to talk about themselves or their own feelings? Counsellors must speak since this is a talking therapy and surely every word and response is a form of self disclosure, yet what is said can have serious consequences. We will write a custom essay sample on Explore the Subject of ‘Self Disclosure’ by Counsellors or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will demonstrate how and when this can hurt or assist the client. When I began having personal counselling myself, I expected a relationship like a close friendship, I found the fact that this ‘expert’ had the answers, but didn’t offer them to me, which was at times very frustrating. My counsellor was psychodynamic and I am now aware that different styles of counselling accept a more open, less restricted, approach to self disclosure. Since this is however a psychodynamic course, I will endeavour to, within length limitations, give an outline of the important issues using this approach to the subject, illustrated with bibliography, class learning and personal experience of being a client. Our professional roll as counsellors incorporates enforcing certain boundaries, even on our ability to speak candidly about what we feel and think. The client is encouraged to talk openly and freely, to help them to learn from the exploration of their problems. However when using the psychodynamic approach we withhold our own knowledge and experiences, although sometimes it may appear to be appropriate and useful to the client. It can often be quite difficult to do this, especially when clients are asking us questions, but once we have started revealing personal details, it may be difficult to stop. We should be aware that a client could also be trying to get the counsellor to verbalise as a form of resistance or defence, to avoid talking about and facing their own problems. I agree with Freud’s view; â€Å"It might be expected that it would be quite allowable and indeed useful, with a view to overcoming the patient’s existing resistances, for the doctor to afford him a glimpse of his own mental defects and conflicts, and, by giving him information about his own life enable him to put himself on an equal footing†¦.. I have no hesitation in condemning the technique as incorrect. † (quoted by M. Jacobs 1992; 84) Non verbal communication is very important, as we as counsellors can learn from client’s body language, we must take care that the client does not read ours. Freud preferred the client to recline on a couch for just such a reason, he said â€Å"I do not wish my expressions of face to give the patient material for interpretation, or to influence him in what he tells me. † (quoted by M. Jacobs 1992; 84) The counsellor today however, must learn to control their immediate reactions, particularly the negative ones of shock or disapproval, verbal or otherwise. During my personal experience of being a client, I noticed that my counsellor came to grimace at the mention of the name of one of my close supportive friends, and I later realised, through things she said, that she felt some rivalry towards this person. This self disclosure of her counter-transference feelings was very damaging to our relationship. We have to be very aware of our clients reactions to what we say and do, in this way, even if we have made a mistake, our positive responses to the error can be useful instead of damaging to the client. Self disclosure may be invited by the client’s inappropriate feelings towards us as counsellors. These transference reactions, may be worded and feel like, a personal attack or question, worthy of a personal reply. However it is important to realise that the client is saying something significant, but it is not about us, so self disclosure is not necessary. It is important that we remain neutral to encourage this transference to occur. M. Jacobs gives this reason: â€Å"The psychodynamic counsellor, like the analyst, wishes to encourage the client to speak of the ideas and images that come from within himself, rather than those which are suggested directly by the counsellor, or by signs which the counsellor gives. † (1994 27) So when we are surprised by a personal enquiry of this type, it is better to look through the distortion and use an appropriate response such as â€Å"I wonder why that is important to you? or even â€Å"It seems as if I was reminding you of someone else? † Not looking at their motivation is a missed opportunity for the client to gain a deeper understanding of their present reactions towards other people. If we take a neutral roles the client is the only one introducing their beliefs, expectations or thoughts into the room. In the early days of being a client myself, I had an experience of this linking not being done. My counsellor revealed that she had taken my questioning of her ability personally. She said my doubts had hurt her feelings, this disclosure was particularly damaging as I felt angry at that time, but had no wish to hurt her again, so could not express my negative feelings. The counsellors counter-transference feelings can lead to either positive or negative disclosure, we must learn to discriminate between the two kinds. Brown and Pedder use this clear definition; â€Å"Winnicott often distinguishes between ‘objective’ and appropriate counter-transference and ‘subjective’ aspects which stem more from our own situational or unresolved personal issues. (1991; 62) The former is helpful, identifying with the client’s situation through empathy allows us to tune in to and reflect back their unconscious thoughts and feelings. These can be hidden behind dreams, stories and defences. When we as counsellors use a response such as â€Å"I wonder if under this there’s some anger? † or â€Å"I feel as though I would have been up set about that, but you don’t seem concerned†¦ † it allows our diclosure of our own responses to challenge the client’s view of the world, which can be a beneficial breakthrough for them. Alternately expressing feelings that come from our own past and counter-transference can have devastating results. I can remember an occasion in class, during a roll play, when someone playing the counsellor had so much in common with his ‘client’s’ experiences, that his counter-transference nearly tempted him to say; â€Å"That’s what happened to me†¦ don’t make the same mistakes I did, this is what I learnt from the experience†. He resisted the temptation†¦ and when reviewing the session in the class he asked the ‘client’ what his response would have been if he had revealed this about himself†¦ he client replied â€Å"how can you know what I am feeling? your circumstances are not the same as mine, I don’t want to hear about you! † The kind of unsolicited self disclosure he was considering may have caused a huge amount of potentially damaging, anger and resentment towards the counsellor. So in conclus ion, when is self disclosure helpful or harmful to the client? This is a professional relationship and not a social one, so different rules of disclosure do apply, hopefully theory may be enhanced by expertise and we may learn to modify these rules slightly for different clients. I think that this is an unusual and special alliance and it is vital for the client to learn to see a counsellor as ‘real’, a human being, personally involved in and interested by their problems, someone they can identify with and learn to trust. Some self disclosure is helpful, if not essential, for building this part of the therapeutic relationship. Sometimes it is impossible not to reveal personal details, such as your holiday arrangements, health or appearance, the client may also ask questions for information or through their transference. The fact that the counsellor does not have to reveal personal details can increase personal security and enhance their involvement. Gently exploring with the client why they feel they need to know, is the most helpful kind of response. Self disclosure is damaging when the information is unsolicited, or when the counsellor gives answers which evoke an emotional response in the client. As a client myself, I found that my counsellor’s revelations had damaging effects on me, maybe because the feelings they aroused in me were never resolved satisfactorily, even by lengthy discussion. This eventually led to my change of counsellor, which was a depressing and painful, experience and shows how destructive self disclosure can be to the therapeutic relationship. It even caused me to question the process itself, not for the reason I expected, because I didn’t get my questions answered, but because I did! Although it may be difficult for the new client or inexperienced counsellor to adjust to, it is a time for the client to explore their feelings, make their choices and find their own answers. Maybe with experience and true self awareness we can learn to keep the focus naturally on the client, finding the balance of openness and rofessionalism that is needed to help them most of all. Brown Peddar Introduction to Psychotherapy, 2nd Edition, Tavistock Publications, 1991 Jacobs, M Freud, Sage Publications Ltd. Jacobs, M Psychodynamic Counselling In Action, Sage Publications Ltd. 1994 Jacobs, M Still Small Voice, S. P. C. K. 1993 Kennedy Charles On Becoming a Coun sellor 1973 Oldfield S The Counselling Relationship Routeledge Press Psychodynamic Counselling vol. 1 No. 1 How to cite Explore the Subject of ‘Self Disclosure’ by Counsellors, Papers

Customer Retention

Question: Write an essay onCustomer retention. Answer: Customer retention has emerged as one of the major issues that organizations have to face in order to sustain their position in the market (Khan 2012). Increased competition in several industries has forced organizations to consider unique marketing strategies. The organizations will have to consider unique marketing strategies not only to increase the profit level but also to develop a long lasting relationship with its customer. Customer retention can actually provide more profit for the organization as compared to capturing a new customer (Wang, Cavusoglu and Deng 2016). Thus, many organizations have initiated loyalty programs and loyalty card in order to retain their customers. In this research study, the focus will be on the impact of loyalty card program on the customer retention. The study will focus on analyze the hypothesis of whether loyalty card can have positive impact on customer retention or not. Background of the company: Tesco is the third largest food retailer in the world and the largest retailer in UK. The company is situated on 1929 (Tesco.com 2016). Presently, Tesco has its stores in 12 countries across Europe and Asia. Innovative marketing strategy of Tesco has helped the company to become popular among the customer all over the world. From the beginning, Tescos unique marketing strategies not only help the organization to capture the attention of the new customer but also help to retain them for longtime. Loyalty card program is among one of the unique strategies that Tesco has implemented to retain their customers for longtime. Rationale of the study: In the present tough competition, every organization is trying to retain their customers for a longer period of time. In this regards, many organizations have utilized loyalty program and loyalty cards. However, many studies have argued that the impact of loyalty card program depends on several factors. Therefore, it is up to the organizations to utilize those factors in order to retain their customers. In this study, the focus will be on the analysis of several factors related to the loyalty card program so that it can able to highlight the kind of impact it can have on the customer retention perspectives. 4. Research Aim: The major aim of the study is to analyze the kind of impact that loyalty card program can have to the perspective of customer retention. Research objectives: According to Acatrinei and Puiu (2012), research study can able to enhance the value of any research study. Since, it can direct the study in a particular path. For analyzing the impact of loyalty card on customer retention, the objectives of the research study are follows:To analyze the loyalty card program of TescoTo analyze the impact of loyalty card program on customer retentionTo provide recommendation to Tesco to improve its loyalty program to improve customer retention Research questions: Customer retention: As per the article by Rashid, Rehman and Aslam (2016) customer retention is one of the most important CRM strategies that allow organizations to retain customers for a longer time. Customer strategies allow organizations to gather important information about the customers. Therefore, it allows organization to learn on how to satisfy a particular or a group of customers. On the other hand, Ou, Verhoef and Wiesel (2016) highlight three components including loyalty, commitment and satisfaction that play a key role in retaining the customer for long time. However, it is not necessary that all the customers will have similar requirements. Thus, it is necessary for the organizations to identify the pattern related to customer need in order to fulfill them in an effective way. On the other hand, Prasad and Kumar (2016) customer retention strategies include both tangible and non-tangible benefits that every organization need to utilize. Customer loyalty concept: As per the article by Arbore and Estes (2013) customer loyalty describes the repeat purchase of the customers. However, the article mentioned that there is a distinct difference between attitudinal and behavioral concepts of loyalty. According to Dorotic et al. (2014), attitudinal concept of loyalty refers to the commitment of the customers towards the objective of loyalty, particularly towards a particular name or brand. On the other hand, behavioral concept of loyalty refers to a function of behavior and commitment. Lack of attitudinal concept leads to spurious loyalty and absence of behavioral dimension will make loyalty latent. On the other hand Voltmer et al. (2013) describes that adoption of the attitude components can describe several phase of the latent loyalty. While, many studies focuses on the component of spurious loyalty in order to explore further dimension. However, De Cnudde and Martens (2015) distinguish cognitive, forced and inertial loyalties. The article mentioned that cognitive loyalties occur from the perceived functional superiority of the brand name. The article mentioned that incentivized loyalties and identifies price can be categorized as the two facts of the cognitive loyalty. Loyalty program: As mentioned by Hutchinson et al. (2013) structure of any loyalty program can have significant impact on the customer retention perspectives. Therefore, organizations will have to extremely careful in order to fulfill the objective of the loyalty card program. Firstly, organizations will have to documented all the detailed information about the customers in order recognize loyal customers. In addition, well-structured loyalty card program can help the customers to understand easily about the kind of benefits they are expected to receive. On the other hand, Kim et al. (2013) mentioned three factors could have major influence on the success of the loyalty card program. These factors are reward structure, program design and customer fits with the loyalty card program. However, Tanford (2013) mentioned that all the beliefs regarding customer loyalty is not true. The article also mentioned that the effectiveness of the loyalty card program varies from one industry to another. The article also mentioned that the effectiveness of the loyalty card program is least effective in those industries where frequency for purchasing is very low. Perceived benefits of the customers from the loyalty card programs: As described by Zakaria et al. (2014) a loyalty card program is a marketing tool that can help organizations to manage customer information in order to develop a profitable relationship with them. Loyalty card program also help organizations to know all its customers in a better way that can help to develop a strong bonding with them. Now, strong bonding is extremely critical for retaining customers for a long time. On the other hand, Hutchinson et al. (2015) mentions that it is more costly and difficult to get a new customer than retaining an existing customer. Therefore, organizations will have to focus more on retaining their existing customers in order to maintain its position in the market. However, many studies have also argues that loyalty program creates switching barriers for the customers, as the cost for switching increases by the loyalty card program. Thus, higher switching cost reflects greater possibility of retaining customers. Studies have also mentioned that loyalty card program has the potential to minimize the advertising and publicity cost of an organization (Fordyce III et al. 2013). It also enhances turnover by influencing customer to purchase more in order to redeem a gift. Thus, loyalty card program helps organizations to increase the profit level in the long run. Conceptual framework: As per the article by Doka et al. (2013) conceptual framework has the potential to provide a clear picture regarding the topic of the research study. The conceptual framework for analyzing the impact of loyalty card program on customer retention discuss as follows: Literature gap: From the above discussion, it can be assess that loyalty card program can have serious impact on the success of an organization. Since, loyalty card program helps organization to recognize their prestigious customers in a better way. However, many studies have mentioned several challenges that can affect the effectiveness of the loyalty card program. For instance, studies have mentioned that it is very difficult to measure the effectiveness of the loyalty card program (Garzon and Taylor 2016). However, there are several measures are available but none of them can actually depict the exact impact of the loyalty card program. In addition, the competitors can copy this strategy easily. Therefore, it will eliminate the benefit and effectiveness of the program. Research methodology: Type of investigation: According to Kitchin and Tate (2013) outline of the research includes different methodologies and measures that researcher can implement at the time of conducting any research study. This explanatory research will focus on the loyalty card program to measure the kind of impact it can have on customer retention. The researcher will focus on the explanatory research, as it can explore different scenarios in a proper way. For the successful completion of the study, the researcher will try to consider a systematic approach. Since, systematic approach can help the researcher to complete the entire research study within the given timeframe. Data collection and sampling method: Data collection method: As mentioned by Roels (2013) data collection is among the most significant part that can help any research study to fulfill all the objectives properly. In this study, the researcher will consider both secondary and primary data collection method. In order to collect primary data, the researcher will consider survey technique to gather information across different industry. The researcher will utilize face-to-face, online platform and social networking sites for capturing information about the loyalty card program. The researcher will utilize both quantitative and qualitative data collection method for this particular research study. The researcher will formulate questionnaires with only closed-end questions for collecting quantitative information about the research topic. The researcher will utilize social media and online platform to collect quantitative information about the loyalty card program on customer retention. On the other hand, the researcher will also use qualitative questionnaires for capturing in-depth information about the impact of loyalty card program. The researcher will only include open-end questions for capturing qualitative information. For understanding several perspectives of the managers, the researcher will utilize face-to-face conversation technique. However, as the managers of Tesco has busy schedule, the researcher will only take 15 minutes to complete the entire survey process. On the other hand, the researcher will also focus on the secondary data collection technique as well in order to enhance the value of the research study. The researcher will utilize trusted websites, business magazines, books, journals and newspaper in order to collect secondary information about the research topic. Sampling Method: In this study, the researcher will first focus on the sampling technique so that the collected data can able to depict the objective of the research study. Sampling method has two parts non-probability sampling and probability sampling. Here, the researcher will choose non-probability sampling method. The research study will consider non-probability sampling technique as it will allow collecting information that is more relevant. In addition, non-probability sample will allow collecting information from the employees of Tesco. In this study, the researcher will select 110 executive levels of employees from Tesco in order to collect quantitative information about the impact of loyalty card program. The researcher will choose 15 managers from Tesco to collect qualitative information. Both quantitative and qualitative information are collected in this study, as it will highlight different aspect of the research study. Accessibility issue: Access of respondents is a key factor that has to keep in mind at the time of collecting information. Many respondents often do not share exact and accurate information that eventually reduces the quality of the research study. Hence, to obtain information about the topic, it is important to fix meeting with the respondents previously. It is also important to maintain punctuality so that the respondents can give their full time at the time of collecting information about the research topic. Furthermore, it is expected that the study will face difficulties in getting appointment of the Tescos manager at the time of collecting qualitative information. Ethical issue: In this study, ethics will be maintained at the time of collecting information. For instance, no respondents will be forced to give information about the research topic. No outside interruption will be taken into consideration at the time of collecting information. The dignity of the respondents will also be maintained at the highest order at the time of collecting information. Furthermore, collected information will be kept in secure place so that it cannot be utilized by any other research study. Data analysis plan: As described by the article by Puthal and Sahoo (2012) data analysis is a critical part of the research study. In this study, different types of statistical tools such as mean, mode, and median will be utilized. Furthermore, the research study will include correlation and regression technique, as it will add value to the study. The study will conduct the data analysis in such a way so that it can able to fulfill all the objectives of the research. Limitation: Time is one of the prime constraints of this study. Therefore, a conscious effort has been made at the time of selecting sample size for the study. Furthermore, as student conducted the research, money has become another constraint that has its effect on the study. However, a genuine attempt has been made for this particular study so that it can able to meet all its objectives. References: Acatrinei, C. and Puiu, T.V., 2012. The Loyalty Card: Issues in Evaluating Loyalty Program Effectiveness. International Journal of Economic Practices and Theories, 2(3), pp.153-164.Allaway, A.W., D'Souza, G., Berkowitz, D. and Kim, K.K., 2014. Dynamic segmentation of loyalty program behavior. Journal of Marketing Analytics,2(1), pp.18-32.Arbore, A. and Estes, Z., 2013. Loyalty program structure and consumers' perceptions of status: Feeling special in a grocery store?. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 20(5), pp.439-444.De Cnudde, S. and Martens, D., 2015. Loyal to your city? A data mining analysis of a public service loyalty program. Decision Support Systems, 73, pp.74-84.Doka, M., Ho, V., Koepsell, K. and Mehta, R., Five Stars Loyalty, Inc., 2013.Virtual integration of a loyalty card with a point of sale system. U.S. Patent Application 13/750,479.Dorotic, M., Verhoef, P.C., Fok, D. and Bijmolt, T.H., 2014. Reward redemption effects in a loyalty program when customers choos e how much and when to redeem. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 31(4), pp.339-355.Fordyce III, E.W., Patel, K.H. and Shepard, D.C., Visa USA Inc, 2013.Loyalty program incentive determination. U.S. Patent 8,620,738.Garzon, L. and Taylor, D.C., 2016. Loyalty Program in the Alcohol Beverage Industry: A Preliminary Look. Atlantic Marketing Journal, 5(1), p.5.Hutchinson, K., Donnell, L.V., Gilmore, A. and Reid, A., 2015. Loyalty card adoption in SME retailers: the impact upon marketing management.European Journal of Marketing, 49(3/4), pp.467-490.Hutchinson, K., Reid, A., Donnell, L. and Ireland, N., 2013. Closing the Needs-to-Offer Gap: customer relationship management in retail SMEs.Management Articles of the Year, 3, pp.31-37.Khan, I., 2012. Impact of customer satisfaction and retention on customer loyalty. International Journal of Technology Enhancements and Emerging Engineering Research, 1(2), pp.106-110.Kim, H.Y., Lee, J.Y., Choi, D., Wu, J. and Johnson, K.K., 2013. Perceived benefits of retail loyalty programs: their effects on program loyalty and customer loyalty. Journal of Relationship Marketing, 12(2), pp.95-113.Kitchin, R. and Tate, N., 2013. Conducting research in human geography: theory, methodology and practice. Routledge.Ou, Y.C., Verhoef, P.C. and Wiesel, T., 2016. The effects of customer equity drivers on loyalty across services industries and firms. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, pp.1-21.Prasad, D.A. and Kumar, M.A., 2016. Impact on Consumer Relationship Management in Electronics Durables. International Journal, 4(2).Puthal, D. and Sahoo, B., 2012. Secure Data Collection Critical Data Transmission in Mobile Sink WSN: Secure and Energy efficient data collection technique.Rashid, H.A., Rehman, C.A. and Aslam, N., 2016. An Evaluation Factors of Customer Satisfaction in Telecommunication Sector of Pakistan. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 5(1), pp.pp-119.Roels, H., 2013. Data-collection methods an d reflection within a self-study on the creative process of music composition. Knowing (by) designing, pp.157-164.Tanford, S., 2013. The impact of tier level on attitudinal and behavioral loyalty of hotel reward program members. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 34, pp.285-294.Tesco.com. (2016). Tesco | Online Groceries, Homeware, Electricals Clothing. [online] Available at: https://www.tesco.com [Accessed 22 Jul. 2016].Voltmer, T.S. and Ariff, F.B., Propulsion Remote Holdings, Llc, 2013. System and method for networked loyalty program. U.S. Patent 8,458,026.Wang, S., Cavusoglu, H. and Deng, Z., 2016. Early mover advantage in e-commerce platforms with low entry barriers: The role of customer relationship management capabilities. Information Management, 53(2), pp.197-206.Zakaria, I., Rahman, B.A., Othman, A.K., Yunus, N.A.M., Dzulkipli, M.R. and Osman, M.A.F., 2014. The Relationship between Loyalty Program, Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty in Retail Industr y: A Case Study. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 129, pp.23-30.

LYNDON B JOHNSON ================ Johnson Was Born On Aug. 27, 1908, N

LYNDON B JOHNSON ================ Johnson was born on Aug. 27, 1908, near Johnson City, Tex., the eldest son of Sam Ealy Johnson, Jr., and Rebekah Baines Johnson. His father, a struggling farmer and cattle speculator in the hill country of Texas, provided only an uncertain income for his family. Politically active, Sam Johnson served five terms in the Texas legislature. His mother had varied cultural interests and placed high value on education; she was fiercely ambitious for her children. Johnson attended public schools in Johnson City and received a B.S. degree from Southwest Texas State Teachers College in San Marcos. He then taught for a year in Houston before going to Washington in 1931 as secretary to a Democratic Texas congressman, Richard M. Kleberg. During the next 4 years Johnson developed a wide network of political contacts in Washington, D.C. On Nov. 17, 1934, he married Claudia Alta Taylor, known as "Lady Bird." A warm, intel ligent, ambitious woman, she was a great asset to Johnson's career. They had two daughters, Lynda Byrd, born in 1944, and Luci Baines, born in 1947. In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt entered the White House. Johnson greatly admired the president, who named him, at age 27, to head the National Youth Administration in Texas. This job, which Johnson held from 1935 to 1937, entailed helping young people obtain employment and schooling. It confirmed Johnson's faith in the positive potential of government and won for him a group of supporters in Texas. In 1937, Johnson sought and won a Texas seat in Congress, where he championed public works, reclamation, and public power programs. When war came to Europe he backed Roosevelt's efforts to aid the Allies. During World War II he served a brief tour of active duty with the U.S. Navy in the Pacific (1941-42) but returned to Capitol Hill when Roosevelt recalled members of Congress from active duty. Johnson continue d to support Roosevelt's military and foreign-policy programs. During the 1940s, Johnson and his wife developed profitable business ventures, including a radio station, in Texas. In 1948 he ran for the U.S. Senate, winning the Democratic party primary by only 87 votes. (This was his second try; in 1941 he had run for the Senate and lost to a conservative opponent.) The opposition accused him of fraud and tagged him "Landslide Lyndon." Although challenged, unsuccessfully, in the courts, he took office in 1949. Senator and Vice-President. --------------------------- Johnson moved quickly into the Senate hierarchy. In 1953 he won the job of Senate Democratic leader. The next year he was easily re-elected as senator and returned to Washington as majority leader, a post he held for the next 6 years despite a serious heart attack in 1955. The Texan proved to be a shrewd, skillful Senate leader. A consistent opponent of civil rights legi slation until 1957, he developed excellent personal relationships with powerful conservative Southerners. A hard worker, he impressed colleagues with his attention to the details of legislation and his willingness to compromise. In the late 1950s, Johnson began to think seriously of running for the presidency in 1960. His record had been fairly conservative, however. Many Democratic liberals resented his friendly association with the Republican president, Dwight D. Eisenhower; others considered him a tool of wealthy Southwestern gas and oil interests. Either to soften this image as a conservative or in response to inner conviction, Johnson moved slightly to the left on some domestic issues, especially on civil rights laws, which he supported in 1957 and 1960. Although these laws proved ineffective, Johnson had demonstrated that he was a very resourceful Senate leader. To many northern Democrats, however, Johnson remained a sectional candidate. The presidential nomination of 1960 went to Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts. Kennedy, a northern Roman Catholic, then selected Johnson as his running mate to balance the Democratic ticket. In November 1960 the Democrats defeated the Republican candidates, Richard M. Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge, by a narrow margin. Johnson was appointed by Kennedy to head the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunities, a post that enabled him to work on behalf of blacks and other minorities. As vice-president, he also undertook some missions abroad, which offered him some limited insights

Bassanios reactions Essay Example

Bassanios reactions Essay Example Bassanios reactions Essay Bassanios reactions Essay Both in the play and the film, Shylock is presented as a very religious man through the strong language used. [He hates Antonio] for he is a Christian; The words a Christian suggest that Shylock believes Christians are something else which is completely foreign to his own tribe. Also, when Bassanio asks Shylock to dine with him, Shylock has such a strong reaction and emphasizes on the word you in the form of anaphora to state out the big difference between them. As Shylock is saying this speech in the film, he places his left hand on the chest with a steady expression in the eyes as if he is showing his absolute loyalty to God.When Antonio first appears in the play, Shylock speaks in the form of soliloquy to tell the audience his real thought. If [he] can catch [Antonio] upon the hip, [he] will feed fat the ancient grudge [he] [bears] him. The audience is shocked by how cruel and strong the revenge is, especially the word fat gives us a disgusting image that we would almost feel sick of how psychotic Shylock is.Surprisingly, this terrifying soliloquy has been left out in the film. Instead, the hatred is revealed to the viewers through the (close-camera / camera-shot?) on the wide-opened staring eyes of Shylock and his deep, heavy tone when he answers Bassanio, I am debating of my present store,. Of course, the effect is far less powerful than the words.Then Shylock begins to talk about the way he has been mistreated, like a stranger cur, as well as in the film where he has been expressed to be even more pitiful. When they walk into Shylocks office from the noisy crowded street, the background of the office immediately draws the audiences attention- it is dark and messy with only a few barbed windows as if the room is a prison. Then Shylock uses a heavy and pale tone to talk about his mistreatment like a prisoner begging for mercy! The language, atmosphere and the tone have made Shylock seem a lot weaker than both the audience and viewers have possibly expected, and due to the human nature, men always tend to protect the weak people so the audience would probably be quite sympathetic with Shylock despite his previous negative image.The audience probably would have been convinced that Shylock is actually the naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve. Why look how you storm! I would be friends with you, and have your love what an kind offer that sounds like, especially when he outstretches his arms as if he would give Antonio all he has!However, his image soon turns to malevolent after he has demanded an equal bound of Antonios fair flesh as a forfeit. The audience immediately realises that Shylock has not forgotten about the revenge at all, and the words fair flesh actually mean good flesh because Antonio is a good Christian. We are absolutely unsettled and horrified by the evilness of the hypocritical Jew.Yet in the film, Shylock just casually stands up and grabs the contract as he announces the bound with a short pause before he says an equal pound of your fair f lesh. All this seems to convince the viewers that Shylock says it as a joke which has just gone up his mind in an attempt to make Shylock look much more reasonable.On the other hand, Antonio is expressed to be a lot weaker in his religious compared to Shylock as he breaks the custom of neither lending nor borrowing for Bassanio. Yet his loving and amiable characteristic is so much stronger and is shown fully which totally fulfils the audiences expectation of a protagonist.Nevertheless, when Antonio admits that he will spit and kick again, the audience is probably disappointed of knowing his negative side. How could a hero be so mean-spirited and prejudiced against someone different? Yet Antonio does show his honesty on a fair side. In the film, Antonio is annoyed with Shylocks words and is eager to speak out his thought, showing his noble and truthful characteristic compared to the two-faced Jew.But the atmosphere is soon filled with anxiety as Antonio says, Exact the penalty. After having heard the evil soliloquy, the word penalty is like putting an image for the end! Although Antonio is so confident, the audience can easily sense the danger and think Antonio is arrogant and stupid!When shylock announces the bound in the film, however, there is a (camera-shot / close camera?) on Antonio, showing the quick change of expression from arrogant to anxious, especially when he bites his thumb with a frozen and uneasy smile, the viewers are certain that Antonio is deeply troubled. Again, this also shows the great paternal love between Antonio and bassanio!Bassanio is vital for the audience to deeply understand the relationship between Shylock and Antonio.When Shylock says, Antonio is a good man-, Bassanios reaction shows that good means morally good in the Christian society where as in the Jewish culture, good means being able to pay back!, stating their huge difference both is religious and thoughts, as well as shaping the avaricious image of Jews.In the film, Anton io and Shylock do not speak to each other straight away. Instead, Bassanio is used as a connection between them, showing their complicated relationship- disrespect, hatred and suspicious.Also, Bassanio connects the audience to the stage by bringing in their thoughts and feelings. This were kindness. As well as the intensed expression with the deep tone shown closely in the film when Antonio takes the bound. This is all representing the audience. On the other hand, he also lets Antonio fully express his unconditional love.

Choose a multinational company,and Selecting one new market and one Essay - 1

Choose a multinational company,and Selecting one new market and one product, detail and justify a marketing plan for the launch of this product into this, hither too, new market segment - Essay Example In 2012, Sony reported a net loss of 67.3 billion yen (Hirai 2012). In 2011, Sony reported a loss of 199.8 billion yen, indicating a significant problem attaining revenue growth which is attributable to increased competition in the electronics industry and changing consumer preferences throughout the globe. Sony, to combat these significant financial losses, is to launch the new Sony HMZ-T1 Personal 3D Viewer, a head-mounted display device allowing consumers to enjoy three-dimensional video content that is akin to the three dimensional movie theatre experiences. This product, already accepted as a revolutionary product in a variety of international markets, fits snugly and comfortably around the users’ brow, offering an unparalleled, horizontal viewing range of 45 degrees. The device offers supplementary high-quality Surround Sound capabilities to enhance viewing experience. The objective of this new launch is to recapture revenue losses, disrupt the personal electronics market, and improve Sony’s brand image in the new Serbian market, a developing nation that can provide new profit opportunities for Sony. Serbia scores low on Geert Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Framework in masculinity, a cultural propensity to value achievement and personal success as primary lifestyle-centric drivers (Hofstede Centre 2012; Hofstede and Hofstede 2005). This makes Serbia a feminine society, one where citizens seek solidarity, consensus, and a cultural set of values about promoting equality for all peoples. These values are inherent in the luxury buyer segment, which is representative of upper- and middle-class consumers. Serbia maintains cultural characteristics that have many collectivist values, in which loss of face (reputational) is a significant consideration from a social perspective (Cheung et al. 2008). This collectivist mentality

Contemporary literature suggests that effective team working is Essay

Contemporary literature suggests that effective team working is essential for group efficiency and performance. By evaluating t - Essay Example How teams manage conflict and diversity can also improve decision-making, and consequently, innovation and team performance (Lira et al. 2008; Kauffeld & Meyers 2009). Furthermore, contemporary literature proposes that effective team working is essential for group efficiency and performance. Numerous arguments have been made to describe and explain team effectiveness. For instance, both sociotechnical theory (Pasmore 1988 qtd. in Delarue et al. 2008, p.27) and work design theory (Hackman & Oldham 1976 qtd. in Delarue et al. 2008, p.27) focuses on the design of the group’s task and its relationship to positive results; self-leadership theory has determined that supervisory behaviours help self-managing teams attain success (Manz and Sims 1987 qtd. in Delarue et al. 2008, p.127); and theories of participative management assert that some factors of the organisational context lead to team effectiveness (Huber & Lewis 2010; Jehn et al. 2010). However, theoretical arguments about gr oup effectiveness and group efficiency are not adequate. There should be additional studies on how they can be achieved and preserved. By evaluating this contemporary literature, how can this ‘group efficiency’ and ‘group performance’ be gained and subsequently maintained?† This paper examines the strategies and factors that can achieve and maintain ‘group efficiency’ and ‘group performance.’ Group efficiency Group efficiency refers to the efficiency in attaining group goals (Delarue et al. 2008, p.129). Also, for this paper, although groups and teams can be conceptually different, wherein groups are not always considered as teams, teams and groups will be used interchangeably. Groups will refer to teams also that are made to attain team objectives that can differ according to organisational needs or strategies. Findings showed that factors affecting group efficiency also impact group performance (Delarue et al. 2008; Liu & B att 2010). This research discusses these factors leading to group efficiency separately, but they can also directly or indirectly impact group performance. By indirect relationship, this suggests how certain factors can mediate team performance, such as what Human resource management (HRM) practices can do in influencing group efficiency and group performance (Chuang & Liao 2010; Tsai et al. 2010). Leadership and management Supervisors, acting as organisational leaders, can impact group efficiency and group performance. HR literature has determined three dimensions of the HR system that develop performance: investment in training, work designed to permit employees to interact and develop their skills and problem-solving abilities, and incentives to inspire effort (Chuang & Liao 2010; Tsai et al. 2010; Liu & Batt 2010). Liu and Batt (2010) examined the role of supervisors in enhancing employee performance through employing coaching and group management practices. It studies also the individual and synergistic impacts of these management practices. The research subjects consist of call centre agents in highly standardised jobs, and the organizational context apply to that which calls, or task

Oliver Twist Analysis

Oliver Twist Analysis Explain and discuss the main problem or obstacle that is introduced. Discuss how the protagonist or any other significant characters deal with this problem. Describe how this problem escalates, who is involved in this conflict, climax, and how this problem is dealt with. (Length: ÂÂ ¾ of a page) Character (Protagonist, Antagonist and/or other significant characters) Describe the exterior physical traits and personality of the protagonist. To do this effectively, you must consider the characters home environment, social group and personal attachments/relationships. Analyze the characters thoughts and perceptions, behavior, actions and reactions in the book. Do the same to the antagonist and/or any other significant characters. (Length: ÂÂ ¾ of a page) Oliver Twist: Oliver is a young orphan who is usually described as wearing tattered clothes. Although he is the protagonist, he has very little influence over the course of his life. Through Dickens writing, Oliver is revealed to be a saint-like figure. He is contradictory to others in his social class by almost every means possible. He speaks proper English whereas his companions speak rough slangy English. He is a very kind and loyal person who wants to always help the ones who provide for him and take good care of him like, Mrs. Maylie and Mr. Brownlow. He wants to live honestly even if that means to die trying. Even when he is tortured, he maintains his purity and does not become angry. Oliver is not a character torn between good and evil; he is simply a good person in all situations. Fagin: The ruthless and antagonist who hire young orphans to steal and pickpocket for him. In return, he feeds them and provides shelter. Dickens portrayal of Fagin seems to be influenced by anti-Semitism. Constant references to him as the Jew throughout the book imply that his negative characteristics are linked to his ethnic identity. He is described as a loathsome reptile (p. 145) and that he has teeth like the fangs of a dog. Fagin believes that betrayal is part of their lifestyle and enjoys watching people get executed. He is the ultimate opposite figure of Oliver in the story. Nancy: Although she is neither the protagonist nor the antagonist she is the most complex character used by Dickens to portray the problems present in Victorian London. Dickens portrays Nancy as a good person who has gone so deep into the evil side that coming back is impossible. As an orphan Nancy has been a thief and drinks a lot. Presently, she is a prostitute who works for Sikes and remains very loyal to him no matter how much he abuses her. In between characters that are only able to comprehend the good or evil, Nancy is capable of both. Perhaps, the noblest action in the book was when Nancy sacrifices her own life to save Olivers. She understands the terribleness of the path she has chosen and does not want a poor creature like Oliver to take the same path. Her ultimate decision to do good shows that no matter how terrible the environment might be, a strong soul cannot be poisoned. Her love for Sikes is strong even though she realizes that it will lead to her destruction. When Mr. Brownlow offers help, Nancy kindly rejects and says that she has gone too far and her death is inevitable. She maintains her loyalty to Sikes until the moment he kills her. Setting (Initial setting and/ or any other significant setting) The setting of a story or novel helps the reader to visualize the environment and its importance. Describe the initial setting and how it adds to the overall storyline. Describe any other setting you believe serves a purpose to the reader. How important is a setting with regards to the plot? (Length: ÂÂ ¾ of a page) Workhouse: Orphans and peasants are brought here to work. They are deprived of their civil rights and given very little food. The children are separated from their parents; couples are separated in hop of reducing breeding of the lower class. Ironically, the authorities who preach the necessity of a meager diet in the workhouses are very fat gentlemen who have far more luxurious lives. The woman in charge of taking care of the orphans takes most of the money allocated to their welfare for her own needs. This results in many children dying under her administration but she files the cases as accidents. This initial setting shows the environment that Oliver was brought up in. London: Although the story takes place during the Industrial Revolution in London (around the 1830s), Dickens depicts the extreme poverty present in London during the period and ineffectiveness of the Poor Laws. The Poor Laws were one of the main reasons Charles Dickens chose to write this story. There are many orphans who live on the streets and turn to pick pocketing for enough food to ensure another day of survival and pain. Many of the peasants on the street have no other option other than thievery or prostitution. This setting gives the reader some explanation on the actions of many characters like Fagin, the Artful Dodger, Sikes and Oliver. Fagin merely takes advantage of the situation and promises adequate nourishment, clothing, and proper shelter in return for the services of the young orphans in thievery. In the end he gets punished but the ultimate cause of poverty, which Dickens believes to be the society remains unchanged. This setting explains the hypocrisy of the societ y, with the help of Dickenss satirical writing, and challenges the conventional views of rich people regarding poverty being related to the hereditary of the peasants.

Putting service users at the heart of provision Essay

Anti-discriminatory practice is promoted in health and social care settings through putting service users at the heart of provision, ‘this means to focus on what the person needs and provide is, giving them control and power over their lives, rather than just telling them what services are available.’ (Health and Social Care, Hodder, Rasheed et al, page 27, 2010) The individual is put at the heart of service provision, the health and social care sector needs to, empower individuals, provide active support consistent with the beliefs, culture and preferences of the individual, promote individuals’ rights, choices and well-being and support individuals to express their needs and preferences. All care is centred around the individual’s needs. This means that in a health care setting a care plan will be done with the resident so that the resident feels they have control over their care and the staff would be able to care for that service user according the their preferences, sometimes it not possible for the service user themselves to tell the staff their preferences, this could be because of a disability, such as learning difficulties or someone who has a hearing impairment, then the service user could have a family member or an advocate can speak on behalf of them because if the care worker doesn’t do the care plan with them then this will not empower the service user and their care will not be to their preferences which could be very distressing for the resident. Empowering individuals Empowerment is one of the fundamental principles of care work, empowerment is about enabling people to take control of their lives through choices and be as independent as possible. It is important in a health and social care setting that they make service users feel like they are still in control, giving them choices about their care, even just little things like where does the individual want to sit, will make them feel more empowered and feel less like their life has been taken control of. In these settings staff members will do care plans with the service users to make them feel involved  and like they have control over their care. Even if the care workers don’t totally agree with the service users decisions they can only advise against it and will have to accept and support whatever decision is made by the individual. Service users will feel more valued when they are being empowered. It is also important that staff allow the service user to be as independent as possible and only helping them where it’s needed so that the individual doesn’t feel like there independence has been taken. A difficulty with this could be if a service user lacks mental capacity, and did not have any immediate family around them, then it would be down to the professionals to make decisions about their care, and would choose the best options for that individual concerning their care, so this would mean that the service user might not feel empowered as they are unable to make their own choices. Balancing individuals rights with the rights of others Balancing individual’s rights with the rights of others requires very good organisation, negotiating and communication skills it will also require the support of a network of services with everyone in that service working towards a solution for individual rights. It’s about allowing residents to have a choice, because they have individual rights. an example of this could be if some residents wanted to watch a specific television programme but a couple other residents wanted to watch something else, the staff member would then have to negotiate with the residents and organise a room where the other residents can watch what they wish so that everyone possible is happy with what they are watching. A problem with this could be if the staff member did not have very good communication skills and was not able to negotiate effectively with the service users, because they have a lack of training in this area, to overcome this difficulty employees need to ensure all staff members have up to date and appropriate training so that the staff member is prepared for everything and knows how to balance individuals rights with the rights of others and how to deal with the conflict. Culture and preferences of the individual This means understanding and helping promote the service users culture, religion and preferences, and taking this into account when making decisions in the health and social care setting. An example of this could be if a resident in a care home was a Muslim then the staff members would have to ensure they are able to meet the needs of this faith like that halal meat is available for the resident and there is an area available where the resident can pray if they wish to do so. Also staff members have to support anyone who comes into the service by ensuring they are listened to and receive any support they need with their reading, socialising or personal care and that it is met with sensitivity, some service users may need the support of an advocate if they have communication issues or learning difficulties. The main forms of support may be advice and guidelines, physical support, mental health support, medical and care planning information and social support. A difficulty with this could be that staff members have not been trained in this area, and do not know about how religions and cultures and what their specific needs are. To overcome this difficulty, staff members should have training in diversity, and learn about other cultures so that they are able to meet the needs of individuals. Another difficulty with this could be that the care home may not have a spare room for residents to pray in, if so then care homes can provide a space in the resident’s room, or clear out a room that isn’t necessarily needed so that a praying area is there, also staff members could take residents out of the care home to a mosque, church, or religious setting of their choice, when it is convenient to do so. Supporting individuals to express their needs and preferences This means supporting a service user, who may not be able to communicate effectively, in expressing their needs and preferences so that the service user is happy with the care they are receiving and it meets their likes and dislikes. An example of this could be supporting someone who is deaf, by helping them express their needs and preferences it could mean they would have to use British sign language signers or lip speakers. It is important to keep the individual informed about what is happening to them and what will happen in the future concerning their care, and also services have to make sure the individual can express their needs and preferences. An  interpreter can be used for someone who doesn’t speak the local language of the health and social care setting; this could be a professional or could be a family member or friend. A problem with this could be that if someone who does not speak the local language is a new resident in a care home and has no immediate family, so staff members would struggle to meet the needs and demands of this new service user. To overcome this problem, staff members would have to use an interpreter who spoke both the local language and the resident’s main language. An interpreter can be quite expensive, which is another difficulty the health and social care setting will face, but in some circumstances interpreters are paid for by the NHS, if done privately it can cost a lot of money. Another way to overcome this difficulty if is staff members do small training courses in sign language so they will know the basics for when a service user with a hearing impairment uses that service. If a resident does not speak the local language then a few members of staff could learn the basics in that language so they are able to communicate more effectively with that service user. Identifying and challenging discrimination Within health and social care settings it is important that if any discrimination is identified it has to be challenged immediately, this is so the victim of the discrimination does not suffer anymore and this can be achieved by staff training and development, so that staff have an awareness of what to do if they see any discrimination and gives them a sense of awareness on the subject, telling a high authority like a manager when any rules concerning discrimination are broken by an individual, challenging inappropriate language, challenging any work colleagues who are demonstrating discriminatory behaviour towards another individual or a group of people and also implementations of government policies and guidelines on discrimination. An example of identifying and challenging discrimination would be if a care worker in a care home saw a fellow care worker treating one individual a lot different to the rest in a negative manner, calling them rude names and shouting at them just because they are of different race, then the care worker could either speak to their colleague about this informing them to stop or go to their manager who can then investigate and  take the right measures to ensure the discrimination stops. A difficulty with this could be that a staff member doesn’t have much confidence and feels too scared to speak to their manager about an incident they have witnessed, to overcome this difficulty staff members can use the ‘whistle blowing policy’ Every health and social care setting has a whistle blowing policy which is when a worker reports suspected wrongdoing at work. Officially this is called ‘making a disclosure in the public interest’. A worker can report things that aren’t right, are illegal or if anyone at work is neglecting their duty, this is all done anonymously. Promoting individuals’ rights, choices and wellbeing Active promotion of individuals’ rights, choices and wellbeing can be demonstrated in the way care workers in a health and social care setting work one to one with service users. By offering people a choice related to their care can make a big difference to how that service user feels and responds to the service, as they will feel more in control of their care and treatment, which will empower the individual. Choices from food to personal care are all vital and key to the services offered by health and social care workers, these choices are central to the wellbeing of the individual, such like what clothes to wear that day or what to eat that day, all of this promotes the individuals rights and wellbeing. â€Å"In health and social care, choice is being taken into much wider avenues through the way we access and use the public services available to us† (BTEC National Health and Social Care Book 1, Stretch, page 93, 2007). A problem with this could be that a staff member is not aware of the fact they should offer all service users a choice to make them feel empowered, to overcome this the employee (manager) should ensure that all staff members are appropriately trained in the area, and any new staff members are aware of this, so that all service users can be offered a choice. Another difficulty is that staff members may be aware they have to offer a choice to service users, but may have a bad attitude towards this and purposely not give services users a choice and therefore not empowering them, to overcome this all settings need to keep updating training, and ensure that all staff members are following the rules and regulations of such policies and if they are not to take appropriate  actions. Also to help overcome this difficulty the settings should have copies of some policies on the wall in an office, and the rest available to view by staff members at any time, this will ensure that any queries about policies or Acts, such as the disability discriminatory Act, can be sorted by checking the policy itself or asking a higher member of staff like a manager. All policies must be kept up to date. Policies and procedures Policies and procedures are designed determine all key choices and actions, and all activities take place within the limitations set by them. Procedures are the precise methods that are set in place to express policies in action in day-to-day operations of the health and social care setting. Together, policies and procedures ensure that a point of view held by the higher authority such as a manager of the health and social care setting is turned into steps that result in an outcome compatible with that view. An example of a policy in a health and social care setting would be the ‘anti-harassment policy’, ‘organisations and work places must have a policy in place, by law, which deals with issues of harassment or bullying, whether it is on the grounds of sexuality, race, ethnicity, gender, beliefs, sexuality orientation, marital status or disability’ (health and social care, book 1, stretch, 2012, page 76) this supports anti- discriminatory practice because wh en someone is harassed or bullied it is often on the grounds of discrimination, so this policy is against this happening which will help protect service users when they are in health and social care settings. Another example of a policy or procedure is the ‘Complaint procedures’, all health and social care organisations must have this procedure by law, the procedure states that if somebody complains, they have the right to, have their complaint dealt with efficiently, have their complaint properly investigated, know the outcome of any investigation into their complaint, take their complaint to higher authority and receive compensation if they have been harmed, this will support the anti-discriminatory practice because if someone puts in a complaint about discrimination, or anti-discriminatory practice, then the organisation will have to follow the rules of the complaints procedure so the complaint will  be dealt with properly and hopefully improve the anti-discriminatory practice in that health and social care setting. Also another example for a policy that supports the anti-discriminatory practice would be the ‘Confidentiality’ policy. The guidelines on this are clearly stated in the data protection act. Every health and social care professional will have to make sure they keep information about their service users confidential. The only time that confidentiality needs to be broken is when there is a risk of the individual harming themselves, hides abusive or potentially abusive situations or threatens the life of an individual. This helps support anti-discriminatory because service users will feel like they can trust their care workers and not feel like that care worker will abuse that trust and humiliate the service user by not keeping their information confidential, so the service user will feel no matter who they are the care workers have to keep their information confidential, so they cannot be discriminated against and have their information leaked by care workers.

Rehabilitation in Prison Essay

Prison rehabilitation programs are the methods stated by criminal justice authorities to keep prisoners away from committing further crimes. Previously, the purpose of such programs was to improve the character of prisoners but now it has been directed towards complete avoidance of crimes. These programs assist criminals to start new life free from criminal activities. There are several methods or disciplines of prisoner rehabilitation (Cartmell, 2011). Some prisons are into the faith-based prisoner rehabilitation wherein religion is used to encourage inmates to adapt some moral values. There are also prisons, which practice the nonreligious and nonmedical approach to prisoner rehabilitation. Some of their programs last for about six to eight months. This program does not use alternative drugs for its drug rehabilitation module, and the costs are extremely low compared to the other prisoner rehabilitation programs that use drugs and acquire the services of third party counselors (Cartmell, 2011). Although prisoner rehabilitation does not guarantee that a prisoner is release on the due date, if he or she will then follow a life of crime any longer, at least it will give him or her new perspective on life. It will ensure that prisoners do not go out with the same attitude they had when they came in (Cartmell, 2011). It will change their lives and give his or her hope that there is life waiting for them outside the prison walls. Parole is the discharge of an inmate, previous to the expiration of the inmate’s court-imposed sentence with a period of supervision to be successfully completed by observance with the conditions and terms of the release agreement ordered by the Commission (Christensen, 2003-2011) . The decision of the commission to parole an inmate shall represent an act of grace of the state and should not be considered a right.  There are several differences between parole and probation. Most of the misunderstanding regarding the words is that probation officers may also be called parole officers. Probation is part of a sentence for committing a crime. The judge decides how much time a person must serve in jail guided by the laws of the state and how much time after incarceration is spent on probation. Sometimes a judge will only sentence a person convicted of a minor crime to one to several years of probation (Christensen, 2003-2011). Although on probation, a condition of the sentence may be to have weekly or monthly meetings with a probation officer. The other conditions may be applied to probation (Christensen, 2003-2011). A person may not be able to drive, or might have a curfew. He or she must also not commit further crimes whereas on probation, or the probation may be violated. This empowers the courts to send the person to jail to serve the length of the original sentence, and to serve any additional time for new crimes. Parole, on the other hand, is granted to the individual placed in jail. With many crimes sentencing has a maximum amount of years imposed. These years in jail however can be shortened if the person convicted of a crime behaves well in prison. After a time, a person in prison â€Å"comes up† for parole. The decision to grant a person parole is made by a parole board. If the person has done well in prison, and early release is not contested, the parole board can shorten prison time. There is superior motivation to parole nonviolent offenders because many jails are overcrowded. When a person receives parole, he or she is often bound by many conditions. The violation of parole means going back to prison to serve out the rest of one’s sentence. When someone is on parole is quite similar to experiencing probation. One expects a greater degree of supervision and is bound by the parole board or the court to behave in an exemplary fashion (Christensen, 2003-2011). Probation is given as part of judge’s sentence during a trial. Both impose conditions on the person’s continued behavior. Violation of these conditions can result in serving some or serving more jail time. The Community Corrections Division supervises offenders who either been confined in a county jail or prison for felonies, convictions of more than a year, or sentenced to direct supervision in the community (Mangino, 2006) . Most offenders have conditions of supervision.  These conditions guides by public-safety considerations and engage each offender in programs to reduce their likelihood of re-offense. Offenders report to Community Corrections Officers and depending upon the offender’s history or crime is prohibited from acquiring contact with minors or victims. They’re also required to submit to urinalysis testing and to participate in substance abuse treatment programs. A range of sanctions imposed for noncompliance, up to and including jail time. The purpose of community corrections has many good reasons, overcrowding in jails and prisons can be greatly reduced, a person can remain a productive member of society and still serve his or her sentence. The risks involves with anything, the court must take those into consideration before placing someone in a diversion program, minor drug offenses are being dealt with in this fashion and in a number of cases proving to be successful in doing so (Mangino, 2006) . In deciding on the release from prison of a life sentenced prisoner, the Minister will always consider the advice and recommendations of the Parole Board of Ireland (Mangino, 2006) .The Board, at present, initially reviews prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment after seven years served. Prisoners serving very long sentences, including life sentences, are normally reviewed on a number of occasions over a number of years before any substantial concessions recommended by the Board (Mangino, 2006) . The final decision as to about a life sentenced prisoner is release solely with the Minister. The length of time spent in custody by offenders serving life sentences can vary substantially. Of those prisoners serving life sentences released, the average sentence served in prison is approximately 12 years. However, this is only an average, and there are prisoners serving life sentences in Ireland who have spent in excess of 30 years in custody. In conclusion, criminal experts believe the need for prisoner rehabilitation programs so that cases of prisoners won’t continue. Although prisoner rehabilitation does not guarantee that a prisoner, or that he or she will not follow a life of crime any longer, at least it will give him or her new perspective on life. Prisoners serving very long sentences,  including life sentences, are normally reviewed on a number of occasions over a number of years before any substantial concessions recommended by the Board. The final decision as to about a life sentenced prisoner is rests solely with the Minister. Criminal experts believe the need for prisoner rehabilitation programs so that cases of prisoners re-offending will be pointed. The length of time spent in custody by offenders serving life sentences to a large extent. References Christensen, T. (2003-2011). Conjecture Corporation. : Mangino, Mathew ProQuest Newspaper Database. , p. (2006, December 6 Cartmell, P. (2011). Rehabilitation