Modernization Theory and Classical Dependency Theory Essay

Modernization hypothesis is the way toward changing from a customary or immature society to a cutting edge Western social orders lifestyle. Essentially, Modernization hypothesis turned into the establishment stone of this transformative remedy for advancement. The hypothesis isn't homogeneousâ€numerous advocates differ on a few key highlights. Be that as it may, in wide blueprint, the hypothesis concentrated on insufficiencies in the less fortunate nations and conjectured about approaches to defeat these inadequacies. It saw conventional society as a progression of negatives: stale and perpetual, not creative, not benefit making, not advancing, not developing. Modernization is the financial development inside social orders and the third world didn't experience these monetary or political changes; it was ‘left behind’. So the errand of the Third World is to change itself from custom to innovation. That is, to follow the strides of the Western world. Indeed, on the grou nds that the way is presently diagrammed, these nations can maintain a strategic distance from the mix-ups made by the West. Then again, Dependency is likewise not a homogeneous, brought together theoryâ€serious explanatory contrasts persevere inside the school. Financial development in cutting edge nations made Third World destitution afterward: not just that the Third World is poor in correlation with the industrialized world; rather that it is poor since improvement of the mechanical framework in Western Europe and North America changed and devastated numerous social orders of Asia, Africa and Latin America, through expansionism, government and extractive terms of exchange. At the point when free enterprise started to spread, the incessant quest for benefit started: through the creation of rural products in settlements or different grounds, and Western Europe’s capacity to drive inconsistent deals. This on a very basic level changed the social structures of the Third World. The term reliance originates from this connection: Some state the abuse of different districts for their crude materials and work ruined them and caused them to rely upon the West. Others bring up that in actuality it is the reverse way around: that the West has been reliant on the Third World however history so as to have the option to develop and succeed. Modernization hypothesis considers private enterprise to be an imaginative power, causing development and progress. Reliance considers global to be as the destruction of the Third World. Modernization considers rich to be as assistants of poor nations; reliance considers them to be the primary snag to the prosperity of the less fortunate nations. Not all of reliance theorists’ solutions are hostile to private enterprise in any case: some seeâ some great in utilizing free enterprise and protectionism to improve national economies. The two hypotheses have point in wording on how build up these underdeveloped nations and address neediness. As indicated by modernization viewpoint the reasons for destitution are because of auxiliary limitations set on the third world by European forces. It portrays the auxiliary limitations as inconsistent trade. The declining â€Å"terms of trade† as the cost of fares from the third world are diminishing, while costs from created nations are expanding. This impact makes a roundabout snare as wages in underdeveloped nations are low, which decays the fare costs, while compensation in more extravagant nations are expanding, which cause increments in the cost of mechanical merchandise. This implies immature nations need to continually expand their returns and fares for their benefits to remain the equivalent. Then again, reliance viewpoint contends that the reasons for neediness in underdeveloped nations are because of their conventional societies and qualities. These hypotheses accept that so as to tackle this issue poor nations can prevail through after the strides of created nations. These would incorporate attacking different nations to. Be that as it may, this is very unachievable in light of the fact that we are currently in present day time. On account of the Philippines, I accept that we can accomplish and get one of the create nations. For instance, iphone has a metal spread and iron to its inside body; the metal was created through mining and traded to certain nations. At the point when it returns it becomes iphone and it cost increasingly costly. As it were, the nations that delivered metal and have constrained innovation are making those created nations more extravagant. Rather than sending out those items, used it inside the nation and benefit more from it. Absence of innovation isn't the motivation to depend in the western nations, restless and being satisfied for what they have. They don’t think about the better things that they can have. The genuine pith of majority rules system was killed and overlooked that it is the standard of the horde. On the off chance that these hypotheses are extremely pertinent why underdeveloped nations are as yet pooping and experiencing neediness. In any case, it is truly relevant it’s simply happen that the mentality and the thinking about the individuals are extraordinary. Like what I have gained from Cuban individuals, individuals must change their perspective.

Catcher in the Rye Plot Essay Example for Free

Catcher in the Rye Plot Essay At the point when somebody is youthful, they will in general have blamelessness about them. As youngsters grow up, they no longer have this regular honesty. Introduction to the entirety of the scorn on the planet causes this misfortune. Holden Caulfield understands this straightforward actuality, as he himself grows up, and makes some troublesome memories with the change. He encounters issues with correspondence just as his school work. A typical topic utilized all through The Catcher in the Rye has to do with inconsistencies Holden makes. In J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye, first individual perspective is utilized to feature logical inconsistencies Holden makes all through the novel. Holden’s first logical inconsistency turns out to be clear in the initial not many sections of the book. With regards to going to motion pictures, he guarantees that he detests the organization of Robert Ackley or heading out to see films. However, he goes to a show with Ackley. On Friday night, while Stradlater was out on the town with Jane, Holden made his own arrangements. Holden, Mal Brossard, and Ackley went out for a burger and a film. â€Å"†¦ chose we’d bring a transport into Agerstown and have a cheeseburger and possibly observe a lousy movie.†(36) Due to the utilization of first individual perspective, we discover Holden’s internal contemplations rather than simply depending on his activities. Likewise, later on in the novel, Holden goes out to see one more film, regardless of his case of hating them. While in the theater, he turns out to be very irritated with the lady sitting close to him. She cried all through the whole film over, in Hold en’s words, fake stuff. â€Å"†¦ there was a woman sitting close to me that cried all through the goddam picture. The phonier it got, the more she cried.†(139) We find out about Holden’s inward considerations due to first individual perspective. We can discover another logical inconsistency managing Holden’s contempt of motion pictures. At the point when he goes to the principal film, he goes with Robert Ackley, notwithstanding the way that Holden recently revealed to us that he detests him. Holden says that he sees Ackley as totally irritating. Be that as it may, he was the person who welcomed Ackley along. â€Å"I inquired as to whether he disapproved if Ackley joined us†¦ Mal said he didn’t mind however that he wasn’t too obsessed with the idea.†(36) This statement helps show another logical inconsistency of Holden’s through Salinger’s utilization of first individual perspective. Holden additionally searched out Ackley as a type of solace after his battle with Stradlater. Holden had nobody else to go to after the battle aside from Ackley. â€Å"I had a vibe Ackley’d likely heard all the racket and was alert, so I experienced the shower drapes and into his room† (46). Salinger again utilizes first individual perspective to show considerably a greater amount of this constriction. Another inconsistency that can be found has to do with Sally Hayes. In spite of the fact that Holden calls Sally a fake, he despite everything chooses to go through a night with her. In his mind, he keeps on saying the amount he loathes Sally and the amount she disturbs him, yet he communicates that he adores her. Holden broadens his logical inconsistency by necking with Sally in the rear of the taxi, and still keeps on pondering the way that he despises her. â€Å"I disclosed to her I cherished her what not. It was a lie, of course.†(125) Holden’s genuine contemplations about Sally stick out from different explanations using first individual perspective. Holden even goes similar to attempting to flee with Sally. He communicates a need of fleeing and living all alone, directly in the wake of calling her an undeniable irritation. â€Å"I was getting energized as hellfire the more I considered it, and I kind of came to over and took old Sally’s goddam hand. What a goddam idiot I was.† (132) This logical inconsistency was appeared using first individual perspective. First individual perspective is utilized by J.D. Salinger to show Holden’s logical inconsistencies in the Catcher in the Rye. Holden negates himself all the time; it persuades that he is insane. Because of the way that he has an issue with imparting to other people, letting his emotions out turned into a test. His greatest fight included his inward considerations, and the words he really communicated for all to hear. We can discover the greater part of his logical inconsistencies through this clash of words.

What Hemingway, Twain and King Can Teach Us About Blogging

What Hemingway, Twain and King Can Teach Us About Blogging Writing a blog post is not the same as writing a Great American Novel, yet some of the best writing advice ever shared applies as much to blogging as it does to other literary genres. Read on to find out what acclaimed authors such as Ernest Hemingway, Mark Twain and Stephen King can teach us all about good writing: Photo: Ernest Hemingway on his typewriter All you have to do is write one true sentence. Write the truest sentence that you know.Ernest Hemingway The hardest part of writing an article is often getting started. Writer’s block isn’t some made-up condition authors use to hide laziness; it’s a common problem that most people in creative professions suffer from on occasion. The American novelist and Nobel prize winner Ernest Hemingway found a great way to deal with this issue. He would calmly remind himself that he had always managed to write and that he could do so again â€" all he needed to do was to start with one true sentence that he either knew or had seen or heard someone say. The first draft of everything is shit.Ernest Hemingway Hemingway’s words are harsh but honest. Professional writers know that there’s hardly such a thing as getting it “right” on the first try. Your first draft is merely a way to get your ideas on paper (or screen) and to help you see what it really is you want to say. Once you know for sure what that is, it’s time to rewrite. When you write a story, you’re telling yourself the story. When you rewrite, your main job is taking out all the things that are not the story.Stephen King King’s advice is as true for blog posts as it is for the countless works of fiction this best-selling author has produced in his life. Ernest Hemingway’s advice to “Write drunk, edit sober” reflects the same idea. What you  can do: After finishing the first draft of your blog post, read the text again and deliberately search for information that goes beyond the scope of the article or could potentially confuse your reader. I notice that you use plain, simple language, short words and brief sentences. That is the way to write English â€" it is the modern way and the best way. Stick to it; don’t let fluff and flowers and verbosity creep in.Mark Twain This advice comes from the man who wrote the Great American Novel ‘Adventures of Huckleberry Finn’ and whose words ring particularly true in our time, where texts are being consumed on ever smaller screens by people who have less and less time for ‘fluff and flowers’. What you can do: Once you’ve trimmed down your text to what’s really important to your story, it’s time to look at what’s left and how you can improve it. Tip: Don’t try to force people into reading your article word for word. Most people on the internet are skimmers, and  if they cant find the information they’re looking for quickly, they will leave your page and move on. Accommodate skimmers by using the following best practices: Use short words and sentences Make important keywords stand out Use meaningful H2s to structure your article Add bulleted lists Use images to keep readers engaged You learn best by reading a lot and writing a lot.Stephen King Talent, an affinity for language, and the right motivation all play a role in your success as a writer. But like most things in life, writing is a skill that has to be acquired and practiced. You don’t have to get a PhD in English Literature to become a successful blogger, but you can learn a lot from the successes and failures of your peers, both in terms of style, format, and content. What you  can do: Make it a habit to follow bloggers who cover your niche and actively analyze their articles â€" particularly the ones that are getting the most attention. Are there any other great writing tips from famous authors that are missing in this post? Share them in the comments below! Brainstorm and outline blog posts visually See also: A Guide to Story Telling with Mind Maps

Diabetes Epidemic Of Todays Youth - 1644 Words

Diabetes Epidemic in Today’s Youth According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the rate of childhood obesity has doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents in the past 30 years (â€Å"Childhood Obesity Facts†). With increasing rates of childhood obesity, it’s not a surprise that diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases found among children in the United States today (â€Å"Diabetes in Youth†). In fact, according to the American Diabetes Association, an estimated 208,000 Americans under the age of 20 will be diagnosed with diabetes in one year. Diabetes, or commonly referred to as diabetes mellitus by doctors and professionals, is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person’s blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high. To understand how one’s body produces and reacts to sugar, one must have a basic knowledge of glucose and insulin. Humans obtain glucose from the foods they intake. Glucose is a vit al source of energy for the body’s cells and tissues. Insulin is a hormone that allows cells to turn glucose into energy; insulin helps transport glucose into the body’s tissues, thus giving cells the energy required to carry out the processes necessary for life. If a person’s body does not produce enough insulin needed for the body to function efficiently, the glucose stays in their blood, thus accumulating and causing a high level of blood sugar. (Medline Plus) There are two main types of diabetes mellitus: type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.Show MoreRelatedObesity : Becoming A Public Concern1654 Words   |  7 Pages Executive Summary Obesity has become an epidemic in American societies that has become a public concern. According to the American Obesity Association (AOA), overweight and obesity rates are higher than ever in America’s youth. Obesity is the fastest growing cause of disease in American society today. Some of the major health concerns for today’s youth with obesity include severe asthma, Diabetes, Hypertension, orthopedic complications and sleep apnea. Researchers have come up with manyRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Epidemic Of Today s Youth1108 Words   |  5 PagesAfrica? This is a phrase you probably heard from your mother during childhood. With the difference ,in portion control, on the go meals, and lack of exercise in today,s youth, this question can cause a child to be a statistic of childhood obesity. Childhood obesity is one of the United States most leading medical epidemic of today’s youth. According to the Center for Disease Control, seventeen percent of children or a bout twelve and a half million adolescents between the ages of two and nineteen yearsRead MoreChildren And Type 2 Diabetes1533 Words   |  7 PagesChildren and Type 2 Diabetes Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been reported with increased frequency over the last twenty years in adolescents and children in the United States. As a result of T2DM glucose metabolism within the body of affected adolescents and children is severely compromised. Formerly known as adult onset and/or insulin resistant diabetes T2DM occurs due to the cell inability to properly use insulin which then results in lowered secretion of insulin as well as insulin resistanceRead MoreThe Dangers Of Modern Eating1216 Words   |  5 Pagesconnected to food and nutrition. This society now relies heavily on a lot of flavorings. 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The universe in America faces growing epidemic of obesity. â€Å"Between 1980 and 2013, the combined prevalence of overweight and obesity worldwide roseRead MoreRecommendation Report On Children With Diabetes1719 Words   |  7 Pageschildren with diabetes. Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases of any childhood. In today’s society there are children fighting this disease in their everyday life’s and as society, we do have control to decrease this disease with the right knowledge. Parents, school, communities and the health care systems must work together to provide information to direct them to what this disease is and why it’s occurring in more in children’s life in an everyday basis. â€Å"Diabetes is a problem withRead MoreAnalysis Of Wendell Berry s The Pleasures Of Eating1309 Words   |  6 Pagesfrozen precooked dinner. Simultaneously, the big food corporations mass produce low-quality products and manipulate their prices to appeal to consumers. These eating habits yield negative effects t o their health, paving a pathway to obesity, Type 2 diabetes, and other diseases. Humans no longer have an eye for the quality of the food they consume. For instance, in Wendell Berry’s â€Å"The Pleasures of Eating†, Berry discusses how humans are passive consumers of the food industry; meaning they lack insightRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Obesity1637 Words   |  7 Pagesvery serious problem and is becoming very dangerous in today’s world. Obesity is now considered to be the second most preventable death in America, with tobacco being the first. As use of tobacco rates continues to decline, the obesity rates continue to rise. With that being said, death numbers of obesity are going to rise compare to tobacco (Obesity Consequences 2012). Obesity causes many health conditions, including heart disease, stroke, diabetes, high blood pressure, unhealthy cholesterol, asthmaRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1637 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract: In today’s society, the amount of overweight and obese individuals has been increasing at a drastic rate. The main discussion is the increase in rates of childhood and adolescent obesity, the health impacts this can have on a child immediately and in the future, and what are the contributing factors to this increase in obese youths. A possible contributing factor is food advertisements that contain poor-nutrient food and are targeted at children. Children and adolescents are constantlyRead MoreThe Importance Of Parental Involvement On Childhood Obesity1342 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough different stages of growth and development from the time they are conceived to when they reach adolescence. Children are at a high risk of developing obesity, if the mother suffers from diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes, and under or over nutrition during pregnancy. They need screening to prevent diabetes during pregnancy. During their child’s toddler years, parents need to expose them to healthy foods including fruits and vegetables to their children. They also need to focus

The Events Leading Up to the Assassination of President...

The events leading up to the Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln There are men who want to take my life. And I have no doubt they will do it. . . If it is to be done, it is impossible to prevent it. This quote can closely be related to Abraham Lincoln and his assassination. This shows that President Lincoln was committed to his beliefs and traditions. When Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, it was because his killer was an anti-abolitionist, and he did not agree with Lincoln’s ways. He was a strong and intellectual way and was often frowned upon for his thinking. He died for what he believed in and he did not want it any other way. Sixteenth President-Elected March of 1861. In his short presidency Abraham Lincoln guided our†¦show more content†¦When none of his attempts were successful, he set a new plan, one not quite like the others, this one-an assassination. According to Booth’s former friend Louis Weichmann, Booth set out this plan after hearing Lincoln deliver a speech about Negro Suffrage. Abraham Lincoln’s death was a horrible situation. About ten days before his assassination he had a premonition of his death while he was sleeping. In his dream he heard strong sobs coming from somewhere in the White House. He was walking from room to room without seeing anyone. Eventually he came upon the East Room, and he entered. He saw a coffin with soldiers around it, acting as guards. He remembers asking â€Å"Who is dead in the White House?† and the soldier replied with â€Å"The President, he was killed by assassin!† He recalled a woman shrieking and then the next thing he knew, he was awake. This is one of the most investigated situations surrounding President Abraham Lincoln’s assassination because no one understands how such a thing could have happened. On April 14th, 1865 the President and the First Lady decided to go to a showing of Our American Cousin, at Ford’s Theatre. A policeman was positioned outside of the balcony door that evening. It is said that he left the theatre during intermission and went to the saloon next door for a drink, leaving Lincoln exposed. Just then, at 10:15 p.m., Booth slipped into the box and shot President Lincoln in the back of the head,Show MoreRelatedThe Assassination Of President Abraham Lincoln Essay983 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican history in my opinion is the Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. With no surprise I am writing about certain event that occurred leading up to, during, and after this unfortunate event. This historical event is clouded with conspiracy but I will try to avoid specifics of that particular view. Abraham Lincoln was born in a little town located within Hardin Country, Kentucky on February 12, 1809 (www.whitehouse.gov/abrahamlincoln). He grew up dirt poor and in my opinion could be consideredRead MoreKilling Lincoln by Bill OReilly962 Words   |  4 PagesKilling Lincoln Book Review The mystery of how John Wilkes Booth pulled off the most influential and notorious assassinations in history is revealed in Killing Lincoln. The author of this book, Bill O’Reilly, built up the plot of the story through vivid historical details and pieced them together like a thriller. He tries to explain all of what happened on one of the most interesting and sad days in American history. Many conspiracies and Civil War ideals are on full display in the book. I agreeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem O Captain ! My Captain By Walt Whitman826 Words   |  4 PagesMany Leaders lack the ability to move people. Mourning the death of a leader is an even bigger task to take on. Abraham Lincoln, in this case was an exception. In the famous poem, â€Å"O Captain! My Captain!† Written by, Walt Whitman in the year 1865. The poem, refers to a terrible event in American history; the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. Instead of the country celebrating and rejoicing over th e ending of the Civil War and being happy over the country being kept whole, everyone wasRead MoreThe Assassination of President Lincoln Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesThe Assassination of President Lincoln The assassination of President Lincoln was so tragic because both Abraham Lincoln and John Wilkes Booth both believed they were doing the right thing. Abraham Lincoln wanted freedom for all because he believed that was right. He knew not everyone agreed and that was why America was having a Civil War but he felt that it was the right thing to do. John Wilkes Booth believed that there should be slaves in the south and did not agree with President Lincoln atRead MoreEssay On John Wilkes Booth1453 Words   |  6 PagesAshlie Clark U.S. History Prof. Kearney Due: September 7th, 2017 The First U.S. President to Ever be Assassinated Many people view Abraham Lincoln as the best president our country has ever had and I for one, agree. Lincoln dedicated his life to this country, spending most of his political life campaigning against slavery, letting the country know that he was against everything it stood for. However, upon Abraham Lincolns inauguration, our nation divided itself. The election signaled the secessionRead MoreLincolns Assassination: Foreshadowing the Implementation of the Secret Service, FBI, and CIA1181 Words   |  5 PagesApril 15th, 1865 the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln was assassinated at Ford’s Theatre in Washington D.C. This was the first successful attempt to have a president assassinated while in office. After unsuccessful attempts, the first successful assassination of the president pointed out gaping flaws in the government. The first and most obvious flaw was the lack of secret service which provides the president with protection. Also, Lincoln’s a ssassination exposed the inability forRead MoreKilling Lincoln : The Shocking Assassination That Changed America Forever Essay1761 Words   |  8 PagesBill O’Reilly and Martin Dugard write Killing Lincoln: The Shocking Assassination That Changed America Forever , a book about the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln and the events leading up to the assassination. The purpose of the book is to strategically break down the days and events leading up to the death of Abraham Lincoln and provoke thoughts in the minds of the readers. The authors want to uncover proven and alleged conspiracy theories. Bill O’Reilly writes a plethora of other booksRead MoreAnalysis Of Bill O Reilly1286 Words   |  6 PagesThe book is about a series of events starting from the American Civil War and lasting to the final days of John Wilkes Booth’s plans to assassinate President Abraham Lincoln at the Ford’s Theatre. Author, Bill O’Reilly is attempting to correct the misleading assumptions and alleged conspiracies that had taken place leading up to the events of Lincoln’s assassination and explain in detail the scenarios and what a ruthless person Booth really was. O’Reilly wrote the book to provide us the history ofRead MorePresident Abraham Lincoln and John Wilkes Booth Essay examples1358 Words   |  6 Pages This evening at Ford’s Theater in Washington President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth, who thinks he is helping the south in this act, but will that be the truth? In a moment we will go to reporter Krayton Schnepf who is on the scene, but until then lets get some background information on Abe. Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809 in Hardin County, Kentucky in a one-room log cabin. He was the second son of Thomas and Nancy Lincoln. Here is Krayton Schnepf on the scene†¦..We areRead MoreKilling Lincoln By Bill O Reilly And Martin Dugard1609 Words   |  7 PagesKilling Lincoln by Bill O Reilly and Martin Dugard is a book that captures the days leading up to and surrounding President Abraham Lincoln’s death. The purpose of this book is to give the reader insight about anything relating to President Abraham Lincoln in his final days. Bill O’Reilly hosts his own news television show called â€Å"The O’Reilly Factor† which is aired on the Fox News Channel where he talks about political issues. He has written many other books with Dugard like Killing Kenn edy: The

Explore the Subject of ‘Self Disclosure’ by Counsellors Free Essays

Explore the subject of ‘self disclosure’ by councellors Disclosure in the dictionary is ‘the act of revealing and exposing to view’ My understanding of self disclosure in this context is to mean revealing the counsellors personal information and emotions. In this unique relationship this is to be expected when the client is communicating, in fact it is actively encouraged, because that is their roll in the therapeutic relationship. However my exploration will concern when is it acceptable for the counsellor to talk about themselves or their own feelings? Counsellors must speak since this is a talking therapy and surely every word and response is a form of self disclosure, yet what is said can have serious consequences. We will write a custom essay sample on Explore the Subject of ‘Self Disclosure’ by Counsellors or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will demonstrate how and when this can hurt or assist the client. When I began having personal counselling myself, I expected a relationship like a close friendship, I found the fact that this ‘expert’ had the answers, but didn’t offer them to me, which was at times very frustrating. My counsellor was psychodynamic and I am now aware that different styles of counselling accept a more open, less restricted, approach to self disclosure. Since this is however a psychodynamic course, I will endeavour to, within length limitations, give an outline of the important issues using this approach to the subject, illustrated with bibliography, class learning and personal experience of being a client. Our professional roll as counsellors incorporates enforcing certain boundaries, even on our ability to speak candidly about what we feel and think. The client is encouraged to talk openly and freely, to help them to learn from the exploration of their problems. However when using the psychodynamic approach we withhold our own knowledge and experiences, although sometimes it may appear to be appropriate and useful to the client. It can often be quite difficult to do this, especially when clients are asking us questions, but once we have started revealing personal details, it may be difficult to stop. We should be aware that a client could also be trying to get the counsellor to verbalise as a form of resistance or defence, to avoid talking about and facing their own problems. I agree with Freud’s view; â€Å"It might be expected that it would be quite allowable and indeed useful, with a view to overcoming the patient’s existing resistances, for the doctor to afford him a glimpse of his own mental defects and conflicts, and, by giving him information about his own life enable him to put himself on an equal footing†¦.. I have no hesitation in condemning the technique as incorrect. † (quoted by M. Jacobs 1992; 84) Non verbal communication is very important, as we as counsellors can learn from client’s body language, we must take care that the client does not read ours. Freud preferred the client to recline on a couch for just such a reason, he said â€Å"I do not wish my expressions of face to give the patient material for interpretation, or to influence him in what he tells me. † (quoted by M. Jacobs 1992; 84) The counsellor today however, must learn to control their immediate reactions, particularly the negative ones of shock or disapproval, verbal or otherwise. During my personal experience of being a client, I noticed that my counsellor came to grimace at the mention of the name of one of my close supportive friends, and I later realised, through things she said, that she felt some rivalry towards this person. This self disclosure of her counter-transference feelings was very damaging to our relationship. We have to be very aware of our clients reactions to what we say and do, in this way, even if we have made a mistake, our positive responses to the error can be useful instead of damaging to the client. Self disclosure may be invited by the client’s inappropriate feelings towards us as counsellors. These transference reactions, may be worded and feel like, a personal attack or question, worthy of a personal reply. However it is important to realise that the client is saying something significant, but it is not about us, so self disclosure is not necessary. It is important that we remain neutral to encourage this transference to occur. M. Jacobs gives this reason: â€Å"The psychodynamic counsellor, like the analyst, wishes to encourage the client to speak of the ideas and images that come from within himself, rather than those which are suggested directly by the counsellor, or by signs which the counsellor gives. † (1994 27) So when we are surprised by a personal enquiry of this type, it is better to look through the distortion and use an appropriate response such as â€Å"I wonder why that is important to you? or even â€Å"It seems as if I was reminding you of someone else? † Not looking at their motivation is a missed opportunity for the client to gain a deeper understanding of their present reactions towards other people. If we take a neutral roles the client is the only one introducing their beliefs, expectations or thoughts into the room. In the early days of being a client myself, I had an experience of this linking not being done. My counsellor revealed that she had taken my questioning of her ability personally. She said my doubts had hurt her feelings, this disclosure was particularly damaging as I felt angry at that time, but had no wish to hurt her again, so could not express my negative feelings. The counsellors counter-transference feelings can lead to either positive or negative disclosure, we must learn to discriminate between the two kinds. Brown and Pedder use this clear definition; â€Å"Winnicott often distinguishes between ‘objective’ and appropriate counter-transference and ‘subjective’ aspects which stem more from our own situational or unresolved personal issues. (1991; 62) The former is helpful, identifying with the client’s situation through empathy allows us to tune in to and reflect back their unconscious thoughts and feelings. These can be hidden behind dreams, stories and defences. When we as counsellors use a response such as â€Å"I wonder if under this there’s some anger? † or â€Å"I feel as though I would have been up set about that, but you don’t seem concerned†¦ † it allows our diclosure of our own responses to challenge the client’s view of the world, which can be a beneficial breakthrough for them. Alternately expressing feelings that come from our own past and counter-transference can have devastating results. I can remember an occasion in class, during a roll play, when someone playing the counsellor had so much in common with his ‘client’s’ experiences, that his counter-transference nearly tempted him to say; â€Å"That’s what happened to me†¦ don’t make the same mistakes I did, this is what I learnt from the experience†. He resisted the temptation†¦ and when reviewing the session in the class he asked the ‘client’ what his response would have been if he had revealed this about himself†¦ he client replied â€Å"how can you know what I am feeling? your circumstances are not the same as mine, I don’t want to hear about you! † The kind of unsolicited self disclosure he was considering may have caused a huge amount of potentially damaging, anger and resentment towards the counsellor. So in conclus ion, when is self disclosure helpful or harmful to the client? This is a professional relationship and not a social one, so different rules of disclosure do apply, hopefully theory may be enhanced by expertise and we may learn to modify these rules slightly for different clients. I think that this is an unusual and special alliance and it is vital for the client to learn to see a counsellor as ‘real’, a human being, personally involved in and interested by their problems, someone they can identify with and learn to trust. Some self disclosure is helpful, if not essential, for building this part of the therapeutic relationship. Sometimes it is impossible not to reveal personal details, such as your holiday arrangements, health or appearance, the client may also ask questions for information or through their transference. The fact that the counsellor does not have to reveal personal details can increase personal security and enhance their involvement. Gently exploring with the client why they feel they need to know, is the most helpful kind of response. Self disclosure is damaging when the information is unsolicited, or when the counsellor gives answers which evoke an emotional response in the client. As a client myself, I found that my counsellor’s revelations had damaging effects on me, maybe because the feelings they aroused in me were never resolved satisfactorily, even by lengthy discussion. This eventually led to my change of counsellor, which was a depressing and painful, experience and shows how destructive self disclosure can be to the therapeutic relationship. It even caused me to question the process itself, not for the reason I expected, because I didn’t get my questions answered, but because I did! Although it may be difficult for the new client or inexperienced counsellor to adjust to, it is a time for the client to explore their feelings, make their choices and find their own answers. Maybe with experience and true self awareness we can learn to keep the focus naturally on the client, finding the balance of openness and rofessionalism that is needed to help them most of all. Brown Peddar Introduction to Psychotherapy, 2nd Edition, Tavistock Publications, 1991 Jacobs, M Freud, Sage Publications Ltd. Jacobs, M Psychodynamic Counselling In Action, Sage Publications Ltd. 1994 Jacobs, M Still Small Voice, S. P. C. K. 1993 Kennedy Charles On Becoming a Coun sellor 1973 Oldfield S The Counselling Relationship Routeledge Press Psychodynamic Counselling vol. 1 No. 1 How to cite Explore the Subject of ‘Self Disclosure’ by Counsellors, Papers

Customer Retention

Question: Write an essay onCustomer retention. Answer: Customer retention has emerged as one of the major issues that organizations have to face in order to sustain their position in the market (Khan 2012). Increased competition in several industries has forced organizations to consider unique marketing strategies. The organizations will have to consider unique marketing strategies not only to increase the profit level but also to develop a long lasting relationship with its customer. Customer retention can actually provide more profit for the organization as compared to capturing a new customer (Wang, Cavusoglu and Deng 2016). Thus, many organizations have initiated loyalty programs and loyalty card in order to retain their customers. In this research study, the focus will be on the impact of loyalty card program on the customer retention. The study will focus on analyze the hypothesis of whether loyalty card can have positive impact on customer retention or not. Background of the company: Tesco is the third largest food retailer in the world and the largest retailer in UK. The company is situated on 1929 (Tesco.com 2016). Presently, Tesco has its stores in 12 countries across Europe and Asia. Innovative marketing strategy of Tesco has helped the company to become popular among the customer all over the world. From the beginning, Tescos unique marketing strategies not only help the organization to capture the attention of the new customer but also help to retain them for longtime. Loyalty card program is among one of the unique strategies that Tesco has implemented to retain their customers for longtime. Rationale of the study: In the present tough competition, every organization is trying to retain their customers for a longer period of time. In this regards, many organizations have utilized loyalty program and loyalty cards. However, many studies have argued that the impact of loyalty card program depends on several factors. Therefore, it is up to the organizations to utilize those factors in order to retain their customers. In this study, the focus will be on the analysis of several factors related to the loyalty card program so that it can able to highlight the kind of impact it can have on the customer retention perspectives. 4. Research Aim: The major aim of the study is to analyze the kind of impact that loyalty card program can have to the perspective of customer retention. Research objectives: According to Acatrinei and Puiu (2012), research study can able to enhance the value of any research study. Since, it can direct the study in a particular path. For analyzing the impact of loyalty card on customer retention, the objectives of the research study are follows:To analyze the loyalty card program of TescoTo analyze the impact of loyalty card program on customer retentionTo provide recommendation to Tesco to improve its loyalty program to improve customer retention Research questions: Customer retention: As per the article by Rashid, Rehman and Aslam (2016) customer retention is one of the most important CRM strategies that allow organizations to retain customers for a longer time. Customer strategies allow organizations to gather important information about the customers. Therefore, it allows organization to learn on how to satisfy a particular or a group of customers. On the other hand, Ou, Verhoef and Wiesel (2016) highlight three components including loyalty, commitment and satisfaction that play a key role in retaining the customer for long time. However, it is not necessary that all the customers will have similar requirements. Thus, it is necessary for the organizations to identify the pattern related to customer need in order to fulfill them in an effective way. On the other hand, Prasad and Kumar (2016) customer retention strategies include both tangible and non-tangible benefits that every organization need to utilize. Customer loyalty concept: As per the article by Arbore and Estes (2013) customer loyalty describes the repeat purchase of the customers. However, the article mentioned that there is a distinct difference between attitudinal and behavioral concepts of loyalty. According to Dorotic et al. (2014), attitudinal concept of loyalty refers to the commitment of the customers towards the objective of loyalty, particularly towards a particular name or brand. On the other hand, behavioral concept of loyalty refers to a function of behavior and commitment. Lack of attitudinal concept leads to spurious loyalty and absence of behavioral dimension will make loyalty latent. On the other hand Voltmer et al. (2013) describes that adoption of the attitude components can describe several phase of the latent loyalty. While, many studies focuses on the component of spurious loyalty in order to explore further dimension. However, De Cnudde and Martens (2015) distinguish cognitive, forced and inertial loyalties. The article mentioned that cognitive loyalties occur from the perceived functional superiority of the brand name. The article mentioned that incentivized loyalties and identifies price can be categorized as the two facts of the cognitive loyalty. Loyalty program: As mentioned by Hutchinson et al. (2013) structure of any loyalty program can have significant impact on the customer retention perspectives. Therefore, organizations will have to extremely careful in order to fulfill the objective of the loyalty card program. Firstly, organizations will have to documented all the detailed information about the customers in order recognize loyal customers. In addition, well-structured loyalty card program can help the customers to understand easily about the kind of benefits they are expected to receive. On the other hand, Kim et al. (2013) mentioned three factors could have major influence on the success of the loyalty card program. These factors are reward structure, program design and customer fits with the loyalty card program. However, Tanford (2013) mentioned that all the beliefs regarding customer loyalty is not true. The article also mentioned that the effectiveness of the loyalty card program varies from one industry to another. The article also mentioned that the effectiveness of the loyalty card program is least effective in those industries where frequency for purchasing is very low. Perceived benefits of the customers from the loyalty card programs: As described by Zakaria et al. (2014) a loyalty card program is a marketing tool that can help organizations to manage customer information in order to develop a profitable relationship with them. Loyalty card program also help organizations to know all its customers in a better way that can help to develop a strong bonding with them. Now, strong bonding is extremely critical for retaining customers for a long time. On the other hand, Hutchinson et al. (2015) mentions that it is more costly and difficult to get a new customer than retaining an existing customer. Therefore, organizations will have to focus more on retaining their existing customers in order to maintain its position in the market. However, many studies have also argues that loyalty program creates switching barriers for the customers, as the cost for switching increases by the loyalty card program. Thus, higher switching cost reflects greater possibility of retaining customers. Studies have also mentioned that loyalty card program has the potential to minimize the advertising and publicity cost of an organization (Fordyce III et al. 2013). It also enhances turnover by influencing customer to purchase more in order to redeem a gift. Thus, loyalty card program helps organizations to increase the profit level in the long run. Conceptual framework: As per the article by Doka et al. (2013) conceptual framework has the potential to provide a clear picture regarding the topic of the research study. The conceptual framework for analyzing the impact of loyalty card program on customer retention discuss as follows: Literature gap: From the above discussion, it can be assess that loyalty card program can have serious impact on the success of an organization. Since, loyalty card program helps organization to recognize their prestigious customers in a better way. However, many studies have mentioned several challenges that can affect the effectiveness of the loyalty card program. For instance, studies have mentioned that it is very difficult to measure the effectiveness of the loyalty card program (Garzon and Taylor 2016). However, there are several measures are available but none of them can actually depict the exact impact of the loyalty card program. In addition, the competitors can copy this strategy easily. Therefore, it will eliminate the benefit and effectiveness of the program. Research methodology: Type of investigation: According to Kitchin and Tate (2013) outline of the research includes different methodologies and measures that researcher can implement at the time of conducting any research study. This explanatory research will focus on the loyalty card program to measure the kind of impact it can have on customer retention. The researcher will focus on the explanatory research, as it can explore different scenarios in a proper way. For the successful completion of the study, the researcher will try to consider a systematic approach. Since, systematic approach can help the researcher to complete the entire research study within the given timeframe. Data collection and sampling method: Data collection method: As mentioned by Roels (2013) data collection is among the most significant part that can help any research study to fulfill all the objectives properly. In this study, the researcher will consider both secondary and primary data collection method. In order to collect primary data, the researcher will consider survey technique to gather information across different industry. The researcher will utilize face-to-face, online platform and social networking sites for capturing information about the loyalty card program. The researcher will utilize both quantitative and qualitative data collection method for this particular research study. The researcher will formulate questionnaires with only closed-end questions for collecting quantitative information about the research topic. The researcher will utilize social media and online platform to collect quantitative information about the loyalty card program on customer retention. On the other hand, the researcher will also use qualitative questionnaires for capturing in-depth information about the impact of loyalty card program. The researcher will only include open-end questions for capturing qualitative information. For understanding several perspectives of the managers, the researcher will utilize face-to-face conversation technique. However, as the managers of Tesco has busy schedule, the researcher will only take 15 minutes to complete the entire survey process. On the other hand, the researcher will also focus on the secondary data collection technique as well in order to enhance the value of the research study. The researcher will utilize trusted websites, business magazines, books, journals and newspaper in order to collect secondary information about the research topic. Sampling Method: In this study, the researcher will first focus on the sampling technique so that the collected data can able to depict the objective of the research study. Sampling method has two parts non-probability sampling and probability sampling. Here, the researcher will choose non-probability sampling method. The research study will consider non-probability sampling technique as it will allow collecting information that is more relevant. In addition, non-probability sample will allow collecting information from the employees of Tesco. In this study, the researcher will select 110 executive levels of employees from Tesco in order to collect quantitative information about the impact of loyalty card program. The researcher will choose 15 managers from Tesco to collect qualitative information. Both quantitative and qualitative information are collected in this study, as it will highlight different aspect of the research study. Accessibility issue: Access of respondents is a key factor that has to keep in mind at the time of collecting information. Many respondents often do not share exact and accurate information that eventually reduces the quality of the research study. Hence, to obtain information about the topic, it is important to fix meeting with the respondents previously. It is also important to maintain punctuality so that the respondents can give their full time at the time of collecting information about the research topic. Furthermore, it is expected that the study will face difficulties in getting appointment of the Tescos manager at the time of collecting qualitative information. Ethical issue: In this study, ethics will be maintained at the time of collecting information. For instance, no respondents will be forced to give information about the research topic. No outside interruption will be taken into consideration at the time of collecting information. The dignity of the respondents will also be maintained at the highest order at the time of collecting information. Furthermore, collected information will be kept in secure place so that it cannot be utilized by any other research study. Data analysis plan: As described by the article by Puthal and Sahoo (2012) data analysis is a critical part of the research study. In this study, different types of statistical tools such as mean, mode, and median will be utilized. Furthermore, the research study will include correlation and regression technique, as it will add value to the study. The study will conduct the data analysis in such a way so that it can able to fulfill all the objectives of the research. Limitation: Time is one of the prime constraints of this study. Therefore, a conscious effort has been made at the time of selecting sample size for the study. Furthermore, as student conducted the research, money has become another constraint that has its effect on the study. However, a genuine attempt has been made for this particular study so that it can able to meet all its objectives. References: Acatrinei, C. and Puiu, T.V., 2012. The Loyalty Card: Issues in Evaluating Loyalty Program Effectiveness. International Journal of Economic Practices and Theories, 2(3), pp.153-164.Allaway, A.W., D'Souza, G., Berkowitz, D. and Kim, K.K., 2014. Dynamic segmentation of loyalty program behavior. 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